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7th Semester > 402 EXAM 1 > Flashcards

402 EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

used interchangeably with population; a collection of individuals who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics

A

Aggregate

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2
Q

systemically collecting data on the population, monitoring of the population’s health status, and making available information about the health of the community

A

Assessment

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3
Q

the role of public health in making sure that essential community-wide health services are available, which may include providing essential personal health services for those who would otherwise not receive them. also refers to ensuring that a competent public health and personal health care workforce is available

A

assurance

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4
Q

a payment arrangement in which insurers agree to pat providers a fixed sum for each person per month or per year, independent of the costs actually incurred

A

capitation

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5
Q

a setting- specific practice whereby care is provided for clients and families where they live, work, and attend school. The emphasis is acute and chronic care and the provision of comprehensive, coordinated, and continuous services. Nurses who deliver community- based care are generalists or specialists in maternal/infant, pediatric, adult, or psychiatric/ mental health nursing.

A

Community-based nursing-

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6
Q

method for improving the health of the population on a community- wide basis. The method brings together key elements of the public health and personal health care systems in one framework.

A

Community health improvement process (CHIP

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7
Q
  • nurses providing secondary or tertiary care in a home setting, school nurses, and nurses in clinical settings; any nurse who does not practice in an institutional setting
A

Community health nurses

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8
Q

small business

A

Cottage industry

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9
Q
  1. the development of partnerships, alliances, and other linkages across settings to provide a broad range of services for the population served
A

Integrated systems

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10
Q
  • the need to provide leadership in developing policies that support the health of the population; it involves using scientific knowledge in making decisions about policy
A

policy development

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11
Q

used interchangeably with aggregate; a collection of individuals who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics

A

population

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12
Q

problems are defined (by assessments or diagnoses), and solutions (interventions), such as policy development or providing a particular preventive service, are implemented for or with a defined population or subpopulation

A

Population- focused practice

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13
Q
    • what we, as society, do collectively to ensure the conditions in which people can be healthy
A

public health

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14
Q

to clarify the government’s role in fulfilling the mission, 3 core functions are implemented at all levels of government: assessment, policy development, and assurance…..

A

Public health core functions

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15
Q

a specialty because it has a distinct focus, and scope of practice, and it requires a special knowledge base.

A

public health nursing

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16
Q
  1. a coalition of public health nursing organizations that develop levels of skills to be attained by public health nurses for each of the competencies.
A

Quad Council

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17
Q

eople who are within a larger population, such as high-risk infants under the age of 1 year, unmarried pregnant adolescents, or individuals exposed to a particular event such as a chemical spill

A

subpopulation

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18
Q

there has been a shift in community health nursing to ?

A

protect and improve health of americans

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19
Q

o National prevention, health promotion, and public health council

o Prevention & public health fund

A

• Patient protection and Affordable Care Act

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20
Q

• Dramatic increase in life expectancy since _____.

A

1900s

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21
Q

vision for public health in america

A

healthy people in healthy communities

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22
Q

mission of public health in america

A

o Promote physical and mental health

o Prevent disease, injury, and disability

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23
Q

• Essential PH services:

A

o Assessment
o Policy development
o Assurance

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24
Q

what society sees and does to verify that the conditions people live in can be healthy

A

• Public health—

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25
Q

3 parts of public health core functions

A

assessment
policy development
assurance

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26
Q

systematically collecting data on population; monitoring the health status of the population, and making information available re: community’s health.

A

assessment

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27
Q

providing leadership via development of policies which support the health of the population

A

o Policy development—

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28
Q

ensuring that essential community oriented health services are available; making certain there is a competent public health and personal health workforce is available.

A

o Assurance—

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29
Q

levels of prevention

A

primary
secondary
tertiary

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30
Q

examples of primary

A

hand washing, smoking cessation, health promotion, immunizations, & exercise

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31
Q

examples of secondary

A

screenings (mammograms)

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32
Q

examples of tertiary

A

problem has already happened & you’re trying to prevent worsening of the condition or reoccurrence. (prevention of complications).

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33
Q

what does population

based mean?

A

at a certain place (school based nurses)

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34
Q

what does population oriented mean?

A

cover’s a larger place (calcasieu parish school board nurses)

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35
Q

• Set the bar for the level of performance necessary to delivery essential public health services.

A

National Public Health Performance Standard Program

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36
Q

• Four principles that guided the development of the National Public Health Performance Standard Program

A

o Developed around the 10 essential public health services

o Focus on the overall public health system rather than on single organizations.

o Describe an optimal level of performance

o Support a process of quality improvement.

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37
Q

• Defined as the practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences.

A

public health nursing (PHN)

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38
Q

public health nursing is _______-focused practice that emphasizes the promotion of health, the prevention of disease and disability, and the creation of conditions in which all people can be

A

population

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39
Q

• Characteristics of PHN specialty

A

o Population-focused

o Community-oriented

o Health and preventative focus

o Interventions are made at the community or population level

o There is a concern for the health of all members of the population/community, particularly vulnerable subpopulations.

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40
Q

Essential areas of the preparation of PHN Specialist

A
  • Epidemiology
  • Biostatistics
  • Nursing theory
  • Management theory
  • Change theory
  • Economics
  • Politics
  • History of public health
  • Issues in public health
  • Public health administration
  • Community assessment
  • Program planning and evaluation
  • Interventions at the aggregate level
  • Research
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41
Q

current education for PHN

A

o BSN graduate has basic preparation to function as a staff PHN

o Master’s degree required for specialization in PHN

♣ Then eligible to sit for certification exam

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42
Q

future education for PHN

A

o BSN graduate has basic preparation to function as staff PHN.

o Doctor of nursing practice (DNP) will likely be required for specialization in PHN

♣ Then eligible to sit for certification exam.

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43
Q

• A collection of individuals who have one or more personal or environmental characteristics in common

A

Population or Aggregate

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44
Q

members of a population can be defined in terms of

A

geography and

special interest or circumstance

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45
Q

example of geography

A

o (country, group of countries, or state)

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46
Q

example of special interest or circumstance

A

children attending a particular school

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47
Q

• Group within the larger population

A

Subpopulation

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48
Q

• Diagnoses, interventions, and treatments are carried out for population or subpopulation.

A

population focused practice

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49
Q

population focused practice is concerned with more than one ____.

A

subpopulation

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50
Q

• Diagnoses, interventions, and treatments are carried out at individual client level.

A

Individual-focused practice:

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51
Q

o Community-oriented, population-focused strategies

o Community-based combination of population-focused, community oriented strategies and direct-care clinical strategies

A

public health nursing

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52
Q

o The provision or assurance of personal illness care to individuals and families in the community.

A

community-based nursing

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53
Q

roles in PHN

A
  • Public health nursing administrators
  • Staff nurses
  • Curriculum plan to prepare staff nurse or generalist
  • Identification of skills and necessary knowledge.
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54
Q

• Barriers to specializing in PHN

A

o Changing mindset that nursing is only at bedside

o Work structure and role socialization

o Few nurses receive graduate-level preparation in PHN concepts and strategies

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55
Q
  • states that health is a human right and that the health of its people should be the primary goal of every government.
A

Declaration of Alma-Ata

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56
Q

the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social challenges

A

health

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57
Q

the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health

A

health promotion

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58
Q

activities designed to protect patients or other members of the public from actual or potential health threats and their harmful consequences.

A

disease prevention

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59
Q

)- often primary care providers and are at the forefront of providing preventative care to the public

A

advanced practice nursing (APN)

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60
Q

an electronic version of a patient’s medical history, that is maintained by the provider over time, and may include all of the key administrative clinical data relevant to that persons care under a particular provider, including demographics, progress notes, problems, medications, vital signs, past medical history, immunizations, laboratory data and radiology reports

A

Electronic health records (EHR)-

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61
Q
  • Obamacare
A

Affordable Care Act

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62
Q

the first level of the private health care system, delivered in a variety of community settings, such as physicians’ offices, urgent care centers, in-store clinics, community health centers, and community nursing centers

A

primary care

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63
Q

a system in which care is delivered by a specific network of providers who agree to comply with the care approaches established through a case management approach.

A

managed care

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64
Q

mandated through laws that are developed at the national, state, or local level.

A

Public health

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65
Q
  • the agency most heavily involved with the health and welfare concerns of U.S. citizens. Regulates health care and oversees the health status of Americans.
A

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

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66
Q

the goal of the integration of public health and primary care, includes a comprehensive range of services including public health and preventative, diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehab services. Composed of public health agencies, community-based agencies and primary care clinics, and health care providers.

A

Primary health care (PHC)-

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67
Q

individuals within the community help in defining health problems and in developing approaches to address the problems.

A

Community participation

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68
Q

• Indicators that continue to cause disparities in the US’s health care systems:

A

o Cost
o Access
o Quality

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69
Q

o Weakening of national and global economy
o Loss of 7 million jobs in the US
o ?????????National health spending expected to grow 6.1% per year, reaching $4.5 trillion by 2019
♣ Per capita spending increasing from $8046 in 2009 to $13,387 in 2018
o Increases in public spending
o Decreases in private spending
o By 2012, expect public payment for health care services will account for more than 50% of total health care purchases in the U.S.

A

• 2008 “Great Recession”

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70
Q

• The Aging baby boomer population will increase _____ ______.

A

medicare expenditures

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71
Q

• Medicaid recipients can be expected to decline as?

A

jobs are added to the economy.

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72
Q

• Groups who face greatest barriers to access to healthcare

A

o Poor
o Minority group members
o Non-english speakers’

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73
Q

how many people in the US lack adequate access to primary health care (2007)?

A

o 56 million

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74
Q

how many deaths a year attributed to preventable medical errors

A

o 98,000

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75
Q

______ of which are due to preventable medication errors

A

♣ 7,000

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76
Q

Trends Affecting the Health Care System

A
  • Demographics
  • Technology
  • Global influences
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77
Q

Demographics

A

aging baby boomer generation

rise in foreign-bAQZUJN -P0 orn population

lack of diversity in health care workforce

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78
Q

• Examples of technology

A

o Telehealth

o Electronic medical records

o Personal Health record (PHR)

o Health Information Exchanges (HIEs)

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79
Q

Benefits of technology

A

cost-effective

improved care

reduce medical errors

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80
Q

pitfalls of technology

A

concerns about privacy and security

unclear reimbursement for services provided

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81
Q

Global Influences

A

globalization

infectious disease outbreaks

world health organization (WHO)

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82
Q

W.H.O. defined ___ ____ _____ as: having evolved and reflect from the economic condition and sociocultural and political characteristics of the country and its communities; based on application of social, biomedical, and health services research and public health experience.

A

primary health care

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83
Q

Organization of Health Care System

A
  • Primary health care system
  • Primary care
  • Public health system
  • The federal system
  • The state system
  • The local system
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84
Q

o Care provided by health care professional

o Care provided at the individual level

A

primary care

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85
Q

o Broad range of services
o Emphasis is on prevention
o Care provided at community level (public health and office of public health)

A

• Primary Health Care (PHC)—

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86
Q

• Multidisciplinary team of health care providers

A

PHC workforce

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87
Q

• Tem members of the PHC workforce include:

A 
o	Primary care generalists and public health physicians
o	Nurses
o	Dentists
o	Pharmacists
o	Optometrists
o	Nutritionists
o	Community outreach workers
88
Q

o Goal of attaining a level of health that permitted all citizens of the world to live socially and economically productive lives

A

• Declaration of Alma Ata (1978)

89
Q
  • First level of the private health care system
  • Delivered in a variety of community settings
  • Americans access it through insurance programs
  • Managed care
A

primary care

90
Q

• Primary care developed in the ____ because there was a need to reexamine the role of general practitioner

A

1960s

91
Q

• Primary care generalists include:

A

o Family physicians

o General internists

o General pediatricians

o NPs

o Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNSs)

o Pas

o Certified nurse-midwives (CNMs)

o Doctorate in Nursing practice (DNP)

92
Q
  • Mandated through laws that are developed at the national, state, or local level
  • Organized into many levels in the federal, state, and local systems
  • At the local level, health departments
A

public health system

93
Q
  • Stand ready for disaster prevention of response
  • Health care financing and administration
  • Direct assistance to local health departments
  • Board of examiners of nurses
A

state health department

94
Q
  • Direct responsibility to the citizens in its community or jurisdictions
  • Variety of services and programs offered depending on the state and local health codes that must be followed
  • Needs of the community, and available funding and other resources
  • Office of public health
A

local health department

95
Q

four strategies for action to ensure that scientific, economic, social, and political sustainability; laid the foundations for the Healthy People agendas of Healthy People 2020

A

health for all in the 21st century (HFA21)

96
Q

refers to those countries with a stable economy and a wide range of industrial and technological development, low child mortality, high gross national income, and a high human asset index

A

developed country

97
Q

a country that does not meet the criteria for a developed

A

less developed country

98
Q

developed to relieve poor health conditions around the world and to establish positive steps to improve living conditions by the year 2015

A

UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs

99
Q

the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group, and policies and interventions that link these two; an approach and perspective that focuses on the broad range of factors and conditions that have a strong influence on the health of populations (environment, genetics, ethnicity, pollution, and physical and mental stressors affecting a community)

A

population health

100
Q

the factors and conditions that are important considerations in population health; may include income and social factors, social support networks, education, employment, working and living conditions, physical environments, social environments, biology and genetic endowment, personal health practices, coping skills, health child development, health services, sex, and culture

A

determinants

101
Q

A basic level of health care that includes programs directed at the promotion of health, early diagnosis of disease or disability, and prevention of disease. Primary health care is provided in an ambulatory facility to limited numbers of people, often those living in a particular geographic area. It includes continuing health care, as provided by a family nurse practitioner; ultimate goal is to achieve better health for all

A

primary health care (PHC)

102
Q

those that receive funding from multiple government and nongovernment sources

A

multilateral organizations

103
Q

a single government agency that provides aid to less developed countries, such as the US Agency for International Development (USAID); influenced by political and historical agendas that determine which countries receive aid

A

bilaterial organization

104
Q

include the most outspoken advocates of human rights, the environment, social programs, women’s rights

A

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

105
Q

professional and trade organizations that are found mostly in the more developed and industrialized countries

A

private voluntary organizations

106
Q

separate, autonomous organization that, by special agreement, works with the UN through its Economic and Social Council; was created as an outgrowth of the League of Nations and the UN charter that provided for the formation of a special health agency to address the wide scope and nature of the world’s health problems; the principal work of the WHO is to direct and coordinate international health activities and to provide technical medical assistance to countries in need

A
  1. World Health Organization (WHO)
107
Q

multilateral agency; formed after WWII to assist children in the war-ravaged countries of Europe, it is a subsidiary agency to the UN Economic and Social Council; After WWII, many social agencies realized that the world’s children needed medical and other kinds of support so programs were developed to control yaws, leprosy, and TB in children; Since then the UNICEF has worked closely with the WHO as an advocate for the health needs of women and children under the age of 5; there have been multinational programs aimed at safe drinking water, sanitation, education, and maternal and child health

A

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

108
Q

serves as a regional field office for the WHO in Latin America, with a focused effort to improve the health and living standards of the Latin American countries; distributes epidemiologic information, provides technical assistance over a wide range of health and environmental issues, supports health care fellowships, and promotes health and environmentally related research, along with professional education

A

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)

109
Q

another multilateral agency that is related to the UN; major aim is to lend money to the less developed countries so that they might use it to improve the health status of their people; also has collaborated with the field offices of the WHO for various health-related projects such as the control and eradication of the tropical disease onchocerciasis in West Africa, as well as programs aimed at provided safe drinking water and affordable housing, developing sanitation systems, and encouraging family planning and childhood immunizations

A

WORLD BANK

110
Q

receive funding from private endowment funds.

A
  1. Philanthropic Organizations
111
Q

Commodification is an intense marketing that involves turning health care into a business with clients as consumers and health care professionals from altruistic healers to business technicians. Breast cancer awareness is the best known of this practice in the United States

A

Health commodification

112
Q

A paradigm shift that refers to multilevel and multifactor negotiation process involving environment, health, emerging diseases, and human safety. To solve global health problems one must build capacity for global health diplomacy by training public health professionals and diplomats to prevent the imbalances that emerged between foreign policy and public health experts and imbalances existing with negotiating power and capacity between developed and developing nations.

A

global health diplomacy

113
Q

Since mortality statistics have do not adequately describe the outlook of health in the world, the WHO has developed this indicator, in which it combines losses from premature death and losses of healthy life that result from disability.

A

global burden of disease (GBD)

114
Q

Is a critical indicator to the well being of people around the globe. For example, many major health risks relate to interactions between people and their environment. This is shown in developing nations, community drinking water sources can be contaminated by agriculture runoffs containing toxic pesticides and fertilizers or natural occurring elements in the earth such as arsenic and fluoride.

A

environmental sanitation

115
Q

are events that continue to impact people lives and even cause deaths world wide. Also causing countries billions of dollars and economic losses each year. Such disasters are: earth quakes, hurricanes, floods, drought, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and so on. The most serious consequence of natural disasters are related to the mass production displacements, unsanitary conditions, lack of clean water, lack of nutritious foods, lack of safe housing, and the increased risk of diseases prevalent in crowded housing and unsanitary living conditions: typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, TB, and infectious respiratory conditions.

A

natural disasters

116
Q

may include bioterrorism, chemical agents, pandemics and epidemics, radiation and terrorism. The five worst man made disasters in history are: India Bhopal gas tragedy, Gulf of Mexico Deep-water horizon oil spill, Ukraine Chernobyl Meltdown, Japan Fukushima Meltdown, Global warming.

A

man-made disasters

117
Q

One of the many man made disasters, this is an attack and the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, and other germ agents used to cause illness or death of people, animals, or plants, which may lead to pandemics and epidemics (anthrax, Ebola virus, cholera, Lassa fever, plague, and small pox)

A

bioterrorism

118
Q

occurs when a hazardous chemical has been released and the release has the potential to harms peoples health. Can be unintentional (industrial accident) or intentional (terrorists attack)

A

chemiical emergency

119
Q

occurring when an excess amount of radiation is released to harm people’s health can be intentional or unintentional

A

radiation poisoning

120
Q

This term was defined by the united nations in 1948 to mean any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group including killing members of the group causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group, deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group and forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

A

genocide

121
Q

the culturally diverse groups are more?

A

vulnerable,

have less access to health care

receive a poorer quality of health care

have higher rates of chronic illnesses

shorter life expectancies

122
Q

is a set of beliefs, values, and assumptions about life that are widely held among a group of people and is transmitted intergenerationally

A

culture

123
Q

concepts of ____ and ethnicity within american society play a strong role in understanding human behavior and health. in everyday language, these 2 concepts are often used interchangeably.

A

race

124
Q

is a biological variation within population groups based on physical markers derived from genetic ancestry such as skin color, physical features, and hair texture

A

race

125
Q

you can be the same race but different _____.

A

culture

126
Q

in contrast to race, is the shared feeling of peoplehood among a group of individuals and relates to cultural factors such as nationality, geographic region, culture, ancestry, language, beliefs, and traditions

A

ethnicity

127
Q

are the physical, biological, and physiological characteristics that exist between racial groups and distinguish one race from another.

A

biological variations

128
Q

biological variations occur in?

A

areas of growth and development

skin color

enzymatic differences

susceptibility to disease

lab tests findings

129
Q
  1. the physical distance maintained between individuals during an interaction
A

personal space

130
Q

4 zones of interpersonal space

A

intimate space
personal space
social distance
public distance

131
Q

intimate space

A

direct contact - 1.5 feet

132
Q

personal space

A

1.5-4 feet

133
Q

social distance

A

4-12 feet

134
Q

public distance

A

greater than 12 feet

135
Q

refers to past, present, and future time as well as to the duration of and period between events.

A

perception of time

136
Q

some cultures assign greater or lesser value to events that occur in the past, present, or future

A

fact

137
Q

person’s relationship with nature and efforts to plan and direct factors in the environmental that affect them

A

environmental control

138
Q

• 3 views of nature and the role of environment in everyday life:

A
  • nature controls the environment
  • nature and the environment work in harmony to promote health and wellness
  • the environment has master over nature
139
Q

refers to the way in which families are structured to carry out role functions

A

social organization

140
Q

the _____ should have knowledge of the client’s culture and medical terminology.

A

interpreter.

141
Q

______ should be trained, qualified, and hired to ensure that they have met minimum standard to provide accurate and safe interpretation.

A

interpreters

142
Q

socioeconomic status is reflected in?

A

life expectancy

infant death rates

low birth rates

143
Q

members of ____ ____ may be marginalized, preventing them from enjoying the same opportunities and resources for education, occupation, income earning, and property ownership that the dominant group has, thus relegating them to the fringe of society.

A

minority groups

144
Q
  1. a combination of culturally congruent behaviors, practice attitudes, and policies that allow nurses to use interpersonal communication, relationship skills, and behavioral flexibility to work effectively in cross-cultural situations
A

cultural competence

145
Q

• Principles of Cultural Competent Nursing Care:

A
  • Care must be client centered/specific
  • Care must be based on the uniqueness of the client’s culture and incorporate the cultural norms and values of the client in the management of the care plan
  • Self-empowerment strategies of the client are identified and viewed as strengths to facilitate client decision making and self-care management in health and illness situations
146
Q

• 3 Stages to Developing Cultural Competence (pg. 153 Table 7-4)

A
  • culturally incompetent
  • culturally sensitive
  • culturally competent
147
Q

• Each stage has 3 dimensions that have an overall effect on nursing outcomes

A
  • cognitive (thinking)
  • affective (feelings)
  • psychomotor (doing)
148
Q

self-examination and in-depth exploration of one’s own biases, stereotypes, and prejudices as they influence behavior toward other cultural groups

A

cultural awareness

149
Q

• Culturally aware nurses

A
  • are conscious of culture as an influencing factor of differences between themselves and others
  • understand the basis for their own behavior
  • recognize that health is expressed differently
150
Q
  1. process of searching for and obtaining a sound educational understanding about culturally diverse groups
A

cultural knowledge

151
Q

cultural knowledge’s emphasis is on?

A

learning about the client’s worldview from an emic (native) perspective as it pertains to health beliefs and practices, cultural values, and disease incidence and prevalence

152
Q
  1. ability of nurses to effectively integrate cultural awareness and cultural knowledge when conducting a cultural assessment as well as a culturally based physical assessment and to use the data to meet the specific client’s needs
A

cultural skill

153
Q

is ascribing certain beliefs and behaviors about a given racial and ethnic group to an individual without assessing for individual differences.

A

sterotyping

154
Q

blocks the willingness of a person to be open and to learn about specific individuals or groups

A

stereotyping

155
Q

stereotyping can be ____ or ____.

A

positive or negative

156
Q

is the emotional manifestation of deeply held beliefs about a group

A

prejudice

157
Q

is not based on reason or experience but rather on negative or favorable preconceived feelings

A

prejudice

158
Q

is a form of prejudice that occurs through the exercise of power by individuals and institutions against people who are judged to be inferior

A

racism

159
Q
  1. the belief that one’s own cultural group determines the standards by which another group=s behavior is judged
A

ethnocentrism

160
Q

ethnocentrism AKA

A

cultural prejudice

161
Q

there is an inability to recognize the difference between one’s own cultural beliefs, values, and practices and those of another culture

A

cultural blindness

162
Q
  1. belief in one’s own superiority, or ethnocentrism, and is the act of imposing one’s cultural beliefs, values, and practices on individuals from another culture
A

cultural impositioin

163
Q
  1. nurses recognize that clients have different approaches to health, and that each culture should be judged on its won merit not on the nurse’s personal beliefs
A

Cultural relativism

164
Q
  1. a perceived threat that may arise from a misunderstanding of expectations when nurses are unable to respond appropriately to another individual’s cultural practice because of unfamiliarity with the practice
A

Cultural conflict

165
Q

the feeling of helplessness, discomfort, and disorientation experienced by an individual attempting to understand or effectively adapt to a cultural group whose beliefs and values are radically different from the individual’s culture

A

culture shock

166
Q

culture shock is brought on by?

A

anxiety that results from losing familiar signs and symbols of social interaction

167
Q
  1. assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling nurse actions and decisions that help clients of a particular culture accept nursing strategies, or negotiate with nurses to achieve satisfying health care outcomes
A

Cultural accommodation

168
Q

is advocating, mediating, negotiating, and intervening between the client’s culture and the biomedical health care culture on behalf of clients.

A

culture brokering

169
Q
  1. a systematic identification and documentation of the culture care beliefs, meanings, values, symbols, and practices of individuals or groups within a holistic perspective, which includes the worldview, life experiences, environmental context, ethno history, langue, and diverse social structure influences
A

Cultural nursing assessment

170
Q
  1. mapping of this was a strategic inflection point in the history of health care that created a massive shift in how all health professionals provide care and how public health is approached
A

genome

171
Q
  1. the study of the function and effect of single genes that are inherited by children from their parents.
A

genetics

172
Q
  1. study of all of a person’s genes, including their interaction with one another as well as the interaction of a person’s genes with the environment.
A

genomics

173
Q
  1. an international research project funded by the U.S. Congress in 1988 and completed in 2003, has mapped all of the approximately 25,000genes in human DNA.
A

Human genome project

174
Q
  1. a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses.
A

DNA

175
Q
  1. are comprised of specific sequences of the 4 bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine).
A

genes

176
Q
  1. alterations in the usual sequence of bases that form a gene or change in DNA or chromosomal structures.
A

mutations

177
Q

tests are now available to evaluate more than _____ `genetic disorders ranging from single-gene disorders such as CF, to more complex disorders like diabetes.

A

1600

178
Q

DNA testing was first used in the late _____s

A

1970s

179
Q

on november 21, 2009, the _______ took effect through an act of the U.S. Congress. it was designed to prohibit the improper use of genetic information in health insurance and employment

A

genetic information nondiscrimination act (GINA)

180
Q

according to the DCD, a public health worker should be able to perform the following:

A

demonstrate basic knowledge of the role genomics plays in the development of disease

identify limits of his/her genomic expertise

make appropriate referrals to those with more genomic expertise

181
Q
  1. is a drawing of a family tree used by medical professionals and genetic counselors to assess families and try to spot patterns or indications that may be helpful in diagnosing or managing an individual’s health.
A

pedigree

182
Q
  1. refers to heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence: a change in phenotype without a change in genotype.
A

epigenetics

183
Q

ex of multifactorial diseases

A

cancer

pain

cardiovascular disease

184
Q

the amount of money available to an individual or organization to spend on a particular good or service

A

budget limits

185
Q

similar to prospective reimbursement for health care organizations; Specifically, 3rd party payers determine the amount that practitioners will be paid for a unit of care, such as a client visit, before the delivery of the service, thereby placing the limit on the amount of reimbursement received per patient; A payment method for health care services.

A

capitation

186
Q

considered the best method; involves the listing of all costs & benefits that are expected to occur from an intervention during a prescribed time; costs & benefits are adjusted for time and inflation; CBA requires that all costs & benefits be known and quantifiable in dollars (the major problem w/its use)

A

cost-benefit analysis (CBA)

187
Q

expresses the net direct and indirect costs & cost savings in terms of a defined health outcome; does not require the dollar value be put on the outcome; best used when comparing 2 or more strategies or interventions that have the same health outcome in the population; objective commonly used when CAE is performed in health care is improvement in quality of adjusted life-years for clients

A

cost-effectiveness analysis (CAE)

188
Q

the people wanting/needing the supply

A

cost-utility analysis

189
Q

the basis for prospective reimbursement; A group of patients classified for measuring a medical facility’s delivery of care. The classifications, used to determine Medicare payments for inpatient care, are based on primary and secondary diagnosis, primary and secondary procedures, age, and length of hospitalization

A

diagnosis-related groups

190
Q

the point at which a prescription D recipient has met the limit that the health insurance policy will pay for prescriptions in a given year and the requirement that the recipient will then be responsible for paying full price for all medicines until the end of the year covered by the health insurance

A

donut-hole

191
Q

—reflects an increase in the output of a nation

A

Economic growth

192
Q

—the science concerned with the use of resources, including the production, distribution, and consumption of goods & services

A

Economics

193
Q

refers to the extent to which a health care service meets a stated goal or objective, or how well a program or service achieves what is intended

A

Effectiveness—

194
Q

refers to producing maximal output, such as a good or service, using a given set of resources (or inputs), such as labor, time, and available money

A

Efficiency—

195
Q
  1. A charge made for a professional activity, such as a physical examination, the fitting of a contraceptive diaphragm, or the monitoring of a person’s BP.
  2. A system for the payment of professional services in which the practitioner is paid for the particular service rendered, rather than receiving a salary.
A

Fee-for-service—

196
Q

the total market value of the output of labor and property located in the U.S.; reflects only the national U.S. output–Statistical measure used to compare health care spending among countries.

A

Gross domestic product (GDP)—

197
Q

the total market value of all goods and services produced in an economy during a period of time (e.g., quarterly or annually); reflects national output plus income earned by U.S. businesses or citizens, whether within the United States or internationally

A

Gross national product (GNP)—

198
Q

—Method to reduce health care costs by controlling the use of health care services and technologies.

A

Health care rationing

199
Q

A social system that studies the supply and demand of health care resources and the effect of health services on a population.

A

Health economics—

200
Q

a measure of macroeconomic theory; in this approach improving human qualities, such as health, are a focus for developing and spending money on goods and services because health is valued; it increases productivity, enhances the income-earning ability of people, and improves the economy. Therefore, there is a positive rate of return on the “investment in human capital.”

A

Human capital—

201
Q

Sustained upward trend in the prices of goods and services.

A

Inflation—

202
Q

the extent of use of technologies, supplies, and health care services by or for the client; includes and is a partial measure of the use of technology

A

Intensity—

203
Q

focuses on the “bigger picture”—the total, or aggregate, of all individuals and organizations (e.g., behaviors such as growth, expansion, or decline of an aggregate); community

A

Macroeconomic theory—

204
Q

simply means that clients make decisions and choose the health care services they want on the basis of the quality or reputation of the service

A

Managed competition—

205
Q

—term used for a variety of health care arrangements that integrate the financing and the delivery of health care; offers an array of services to purchasers, such as employers, Medicaid, or Medicare, for a set fee. The concept of managed care is based on the notion that the use of costly care could be reduced if consumers had access to care & services that would prevent illness through consumer education and health maintenance; uses disease prevention, health promotion, wellness, & consumer education–A health care system in which there is administrative control over primary health care services in a medical group practice. The intention is to eliminate redundant facilities and services and to reduce costs. Health education and preventive medicine are emphasized. Patients may pay a flat fee for basic family care but may be charged additional fees for secondary care services.

A

Managed care

206
Q

determining a lack of financial resources

A

Means testing—

207
Q

—A U.S. federally funded state-operated program of medical assistance to people with low incomes, authorized by Title XIX of the Social Security Act. Under broad federal guidelines, the individual states determine benefits, eligibility, rates of payment, and methods of administration.

A

Medicaid

208
Q

A federally funded national health insurance program in the United States for people over 65 years of age or who meet other criteria. Part A provides basic protection against costs of medical, surgical, and psychiatric hospital care. Part B is a voluntary medical insurance program financed in part from federal funds and in part from premiums contributed by enrollees. Medicare was authorized by Title XVIII of the Social Security Act of 1965.

A

Medicare—

209
Q

—the set of techniques, drugs, equipment, and procedures used by health care professionals in delivering medical care to individuals; also includes information technology & the system within which such care is delivered

A

Medical technology

210
Q

deals w/ the behaviors of individuals & organizations and the effects of those behaviors on prices, costs, and the allocating and distributing of resources; applied to health care looks at the behaviors of individuals & organizations that result form tradeoffs in the use of a service & budget limits

A

Microeconomic theory—

211
Q

the purpose of the new hospital payment scheme was to shift the cost incentives away from the providing of more care & toward more efficient services; A payment mechanism for reimbursing hospitals for inpatient health care services in which a predetermined rate is set for treatment of specific illnesses. The system was originally developed by the U.S. federal government for use in treatment of Medicare recipients.

A

Prospective payment system (PPS)—

212
Q

—focuses on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services as related to public health and where limited public resources might best be spent to save lives or best increase the quality of life

A

Public health economics

213
Q

growing field of science and practice that involves the acquiring, managing, and using of monies to improves the health of populations through disease prevention and health promotion strategies; this field of study also focuses on evaluating the use of the money and the impact on the public health system

A

Public health finance—

214
Q

the sum of years of life multiplied by the quality of life in each of those years; assigns a value, ranging between 0 (death) & 1 (perfect health), to reflect quality of life during a given period of years; the QALY is often used in malpractice suits to award money to clients who have been injured by health care

A

Quality of adjusted life-years—

215
Q

the traditional reimbursement method, whereby fees for the delivery of health care services in an organization are set after services are delivered

A

Retrospective reimbursement—

216
Q

those community providers that offer services to the uninsured and underinsured

A

Safety net providers—

217
Q

Reimbursement made to health care providers by an agency other than the client for the care of the client (e.g., insurance companies, governments, employers).

A

Third-party payer—

7th Semester (14 decks)

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