4) Written and spoken discourse

Question 1

What is discourse?

Answer 1

the use of language beyond and above sentence, how people use language in texts and contexts

Question 2

The construction of discourse involves several simultaneous processes:

Answer 2

linguistic process of arranging sentences and conveying meanings, cognitive processes that underlie the organization thoughts into verbal form

Question 3

What is communicative competence?

Answer 3

knowledge about discourse, our tacit cultural knowledge about how to use language in different speech situations

Question 4

What are the properties of spoken discourse?

Answer 4

produced in real time - immediate interaction, transitory in nature, co-construction - the recipient provides feedback, bets a chance to become a speaker, involvement in the production

Question 5

What are the properties of written discourse?

Answer 5

planned - information is organized, often condensed into complex thoughts or clauses, can be re-read, may become part of cultural canon, more constrained by standards of correctness and expectations of structure/style

Question 6

What is Transcript?

Answer 6

a written version of what has been said

Question 7

What is “repair”?

Answer 7

the process by which a speaker recognizes a speech error and repeats what has been said with some sort of correction (self-initiated, other-initiated)

Question 8

What is “recipient design”?

Answer 8

the process whereby a speaker takes the listener into account when presenting information

Question 9

What is an “adjacency pair”?

Answer 9

a two-part sequence in which the first part sets up a strong expectation that a particular second part will be provided, they help people to organize their conversations because they set up expectations for what will happen next

Question 10

What are “participation frameworks”?

Answer 10

the ways people interacting with one another take responsibility for speaking, listening, and acting; what we say and how we say it

Question 11

What is the fixed structure of narratives?

Answer 11

abstract, orientation, complicating action, evaluation, coda

Question 12

What is “fragmentation”?

Answer 12

moving rapidly from one idea or thought to another, when speaking, the segmentation of information into small, syntactically simple chunks, they present roughly one idea at a time

Question 13

What is “integration”?

Answer 13

the arrangement of information into long, syntactically complex chunks of language that present more than one idea at a time, in writing

Question 14

Who came up with the 6 language functions?

Answer 14

R. Jakobson

Question 15

What are the 6 language functions?

Answer 15

referential, emotive, conative, phatic, poetic, metalinguistic

Question 16

Which function is oriented toward the “context”?

Answer 16

referential (to convey messages or information, to show things or facts)

Question 17

Which function focuses on the “addresser”?

Answer 17

emotive (to express attitudes, feelings or emotions)

Question 18

Which function is oriented toward “addressee”?

Answer 18

conative (to persuade or influence others through commands)

Question 19

Which function is oriented toward “contact”?

Answer 19

phatic (to establish and maintain social relations, in greetings and casual discussions of the weather, particularly with strangers)

Question 20

Which function focuses on the “code”?

Answer 20

metalinguistic (to check whether the participant use the came code and when the language is used to speak about language)

Question 21

Which function focuses on the “message”?

Answer 21

poetic (focus on the message for its own sake)

Question 22

What is the difference between sentence and utterance?

Answer 22

a sentece = word strung together, grammatical rules; utterance = the realization of a sentence in a textual and social context

Question 23

What does “exchange structure” concerns?

Answer 23

the way people take turns in talk

Question 24

What are “act structures”?

Answer 24

ordered sequences of actions performed through speech

Question 25

What is “idea structure”?

Answer 25

organization of information within a sentence and the organization of propositions in a text, different genres typically have different idea structures