4) Written and spoken discourse Flashcards
What is discourse?
the use of language beyond and above sentence, how people use language in texts and contexts
The construction of discourse involves several simultaneous processes:
linguistic process of arranging sentences and conveying meanings, cognitive processes that underlie the organization thoughts into verbal form
What is communicative competence?
knowledge about discourse, our tacit cultural knowledge about how to use language in different speech situations
What are the properties of spoken discourse?
produced in real time - immediate interaction, transitory in nature, co-construction - the recipient provides feedback, bets a chance to become a speaker, involvement in the production
What are the properties of written discourse?
planned - information is organized, often condensed into complex thoughts or clauses, can be re-read, may become part of cultural canon, more constrained by standards of correctness and expectations of structure/style
What is Transcript?
a written version of what has been said
What is “repair”?
the process by which a speaker recognizes a speech error and repeats what has been said with some sort of correction (self-initiated, other-initiated)
What is “recipient design”?
the process whereby a speaker takes the listener into account when presenting information
What is an “adjacency pair”?
a two-part sequence in which the first part sets up a strong expectation that a particular second part will be provided, they help people to organize their conversations because they set up expectations for what will happen next
What are “participation frameworks”?
the ways people interacting with one another take responsibility for speaking, listening, and acting; what we say and how we say it
What is the fixed structure of narratives?
abstract, orientation, complicating action, evaluation, coda
What is “fragmentation”?
moving rapidly from one idea or thought to another, when speaking, the segmentation of information into small, syntactically simple chunks, they present roughly one idea at a time
What is “integration”?
the arrangement of information into long, syntactically complex chunks of language that present more than one idea at a time, in writing
Who came up with the 6 language functions?
R. Jakobson
What are the 6 language functions?
referential, emotive, conative, phatic, poetic, metalinguistic
Which function is oriented toward the “context”?
referential (to convey messages or information, to show things or facts)
Which function focuses on the “addresser”?
emotive (to express attitudes, feelings or emotions)
Which function is oriented toward “addressee”?
conative (to persuade or influence others through commands)
Which function is oriented toward “contact”?
phatic (to establish and maintain social relations, in greetings and casual discussions of the weather, particularly with strangers)
Which function focuses on the “code”?
metalinguistic (to check whether the participant use the came code and when the language is used to speak about language)
Which function focuses on the “message”?
poetic (focus on the message for its own sake)
What is the difference between sentence and utterance?
a sentece = word strung together, grammatical rules; utterance = the realization of a sentence in a textual and social context
What does “exchange structure” concerns?
the way people take turns in talk
What are “act structures”?
ordered sequences of actions performed through speech
What is “idea structure”?
organization of information within a sentence and the organization of propositions in a text, different genres typically have different idea structures
