(4) Theories Of Stuttering Development Flashcards
Puts together findings in a systematic way so that past phenomena are explained and future ones are predicted
hypothesis or theory?
theory
A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a stating point for further investigation
theory or hypothesis?
hypothesis
There is an exact cause for stuttering.
true or false
FALSE.
There are no exact cause but there are a lot of contributing factors.
Stuttering is a complex disorder composed of many levels or factors.
true or false?
TRUE. It is composed of many factors (e.g. family, etc.)
One sign of the ____ clinician is that he or she does not casually provide an answer to the question of etiology
competent
A wide variety of groups including speech-language clinicians, teachers, and naive listeners, have consistently assigned ___ stereotypical responses to people who stutter
positive or negative
NEGATIVE stereotypical responses
- Limited experience with individuals who stutter
- Influenced by books, movies and the news media (neurotic or psychopathologic characteristics)
Many unique aspects of developmental stuttering that differentiate stuttering from other communication problems
- A relatively sudden onset between the ages of 2 and 4 (often following a period of fluent speech)
- The recovery of as many as 80% of children who stutter, especially females
who are the proponents?
Bloodstein and Bernstein Ratner (2008)
The earliest recorded indication of stuttering is provided by the _____, who used a sequence of hieroglyphics to represent the term nitnit or nitit, which meant “to talk hesitantly”
Egyptians
The belief that stuttering results from an abnormality in the tongue’s structure, function, or both, appears to have been the most widely held view between the time of Aristotle and the Renaissance, approximately 1500 C.E.
true or false
TRUE
who performed more than 250 operations on the tongues of people in France and Germany in 1841?
Johann Dieffenbach
who told to place pebbles under his tongue and practice speaking loudly to the sea?
Demosthenes
what are the 4 types of theories explaining onset of stuttering?
1) psychological
2) physiological
3) learning
4) multifactorial
what theory suggests that stuttering behaviors are a symptom indicative of an underlying psychological or emotional neurotic conflict?
psychological theories
- Another term for neurotic or psychoanalytic explanation of stuttering
- Stuttering is seen as a neurosis, and individuals who stutter do so as a result of a repressed, neurotic, unconscious conflict.
- Stuttering behavior is seen as a symptom that is symbolic of this conflict
- A neo-Freudian view that the source of conflict was the result of inadequate interpersonal relationships
- Stuttering to gain attention, sympathy or to avoid responsibilities
what kind psychological theory is this?
repressed need hypotheses
- Fixation of psychological development at an oral or anal stage of infant sexual development
- It was proposed, for example, that one who stuttered had not experienced oral erotic gratification as an infant, possibly due to a disturbance in the mother-child relationship.
- The best research has failed to show that people who stutter, as a group, are more neurotic or have more other psychological disorders than those who do not stutter. We do not think that your child began stuttering because of any serious emotional difficulties.
what psychological theory is this?
psychosexual
what are the 4 learning theories?
- Diagnosogenic
- Anticipatory Struggle
- Continuity Hypothesis
- Classical and Operant Conditioning
At or near the onset of stuttering the speaker learns that speaking is difficult and subsequently learns to anticipate stuttering and struggles when attempting to produce fluent speech
what theory is this?
learning theories
according to the learning theories, stuttering is a learned behavior
true or false
TRUE
- proposed by Wendell Johnson
- A belief that stuttering is caused by the misdiagnosis of typical dysfluencies as stuttering
- Stuttering evolves from normal fluency breaks to which the parents (or other significant people in the child’s environment) overreact and mislabel as “stuttering.”
- The theory assumed that many children, including those who eventually stutter, experience a period of effortless fluency breaks (typical disfluency)
what learning theory is this?
diagnosogenic theory
MONSTER THEORY = if you continuously point out to someone na nagsstutter siya, mas dumadami stuttering nila (even though hindi sila predisposed to stuttering)
what learning theory is this?
diagnosogenic theory
- developed by Oliver Bloodstein
- Also called communicative failure and anticipatory struggle
- Proposes that stuttering emerges from a child’s experiences of frustration and failure when trying to talk
what learning theory is this?
anticipatory-struggle theory
A view of stuttering that supposes the stuttering begins when a child experiences problems with communication (e.g. having many repetitions of being told he must try harder to say sounds correctly) and then develops a fear of having difficulty, which then causes tension and fragmentation of speech.
what learning theory is this?
anticipatory-struggle theory
- Described by Bloodstein and by Shames and Sherrick
- This view also proposes that stuttering develops from the normal fluency breaks produced by young children
what learning theory is this?
continuity hypothesis
- WE DON’T CONSIDER THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. Walang kinalaman yung sinasabi ng ibang tao, ONLY THE EXPERIENCE OF THE CHILD
- Misdiagnosis and negative reaction by one or more significant listeners are NOT seen as part of the problem
what learning theory is this?
continuity hypothesis
- Both the tension and the fragmentation of fluency breaks increase as a result of communicative pressure
- The development of stuttering is not consequence of the child’s trying to avoid normal fluency breaks that have been mislabeled, but as tension and fragmentation increase especially for part-word repetitions, the pattern becomes chronic and the child is more likely to be e identified as someone who stutters
what learning theory is this?
continuity hypothesis
- Ivan Pavlov
- The speaker learns to associate speaking with emotional arousal and the involvement of the autonomic nervous system (just as a dog salivates having learned that a ringing bell is associated with the dispensing if food)
- Through a reinforcement schedule, a previously neutral stimulus (a bell) is associated with the food
what learning theory is this?
classical conditioning
- Based on B.F. Skinners concepts of experimental analysis of behavior
- The primary association in operant models is between a behaviors and the consequences of the behavior
- A reinforcement is seen as positive when the occurrence of the behavior (the operant) increases and negative when the behavior decreases
what learning theory is this?
operant conditioning
- Propose that the fluence breaks of young children are shaped by the response they elicit
- Moments of disrupted fluency are then gradually shaped into greater abnormality, with associated struggle wand secondary characteristics
- Speaker responses to listener reactions tent to shape somewhat distinctive coping behaviors
what learning theory is this?
operant conditioning
Reinforcement = meant to ____ behavior
Punishment = meant to ____ the behavior
increase; decrease
The speaker’s ability to produce fluent speech breaks down, particularly in response to various forms of stress
- Cerebral Asymmetry
- Temporal Processing
- Linguistic Processing
- Cybernetic Dysfunction
- Genetic Factors
- Modified Vocalization
what theory is this?
physiological theories
In the 1920s a number of anecdotal reports suggested that individuals who stutter are more likely to be ___-handed or ___ than non stutterers and that the onset of stuttering had occurred in conjunction with attempts to change their handedness in some way
left-handed; ambidextrous
- Samuel T. Orton
- Orton and Travis theorized that because the muscles of the speech mechanism receive nerve impulses from both the left and right hemispheres of the brain, it is necessary for one hemisphere to be dominant over the other in order for speech movements to be properly synchronized and proposed that the left hemisphere was the more dominant in this process
what physiological theory is this?
cerebral dominance theory
- They suggested that the nervous system of PWS had not matured sufficiently to achieve left hemispheric dominance over speech movements, and that this maturational failure resulted from hereditary influences, disease, injury, or even emotional arousal and fatigue.
- Hemispheric dominance
what physiological theory is this?
cerebral dominance theory
The phenomenon that one hemisphere of the brain (left or right) takes the lead or is stronger for a particular function.
What is this phenomenon called?
hemispheric dominance
- Proposed by Wingate
- Attribute an inefficiency or over-adduction of the vocal folds as a core aspect of stuttering etiology
what physiological theory is this?
the modified vocalization hypothesis
Alm expands on the role of the basal ganglia in stuttering by emphasizing their motor functions.
what physiological theory is this?
dual premotor systems hypothesis
What are the subcortical structures in the center of the brain that receive input from many areas of the cerebral cortex and the limbic system?
basal ganglia
What plays a key role in the automatization of fast motor sequences and provide timing cues to the supplementary motor area (SMA), which in turn plays a key role in motor control and timing for many activities, including speech?
basal ganglia
In the Dual Premotor Systems Hypothesis, what are the 2 associated pathways?
- direct pathway and medial pathway
- lateral pathway and indirect pathway
____ system is associated with self-initiated actions, and in connection with the limbic system, motivational factors
medial
____ system are functions in response to sensory input based on feedback control and is associated with voluntary and conscious control
lateral
It has also been suggested that the DI/D2 ratio is lower in ____. A decreased function of the direct (DI/D2 ratio) pathway results in deficient activation of the desired action, such as initiating speech movements.
girls or boys
lower in BOYS
- kaya boys are more likely to stutter than girls
Proposes a psycholinguistic perspective involving both production and perception to account for fluency breaks
what physiological theory is this?
covert repair hypothesis
An explanation of stuttering as the result of the brain’s stopping production of speech when it detects an error in the plan that the brain has made to produce a word
what physiological theory is this?
covert repair hypothesis
The model proposes that internal or covert monitoring allows speakers to detect errors in phonological encoding prior to the implementation of articulatory commands
- As errors are detected, the planning of the phonetic sequence is interrupted and the correct plan is reinitiated
- As a result of this error detection and subsequent covert repair of the speech plan, fluency breaks occur
what physiological theory is this?
covert repair hypothesis
Elaborates the covert repair hypothesis by suggesting independent linguistic and motor processes.
what physiological theory is this?
execution and planning model (EXPLAN)
Fluent speech occurs when the motor system receives and executes the linguistic sequences in order. If the linguistic system experiences difficulty in generating a linguistic (syntactic, lexical, and phonetic) sequence, the motor system is unable to execute fluent speech
what physiological theory is this?
execution and planning model (EXPLAN)
Breakdowns in fluency occur at the language-speech interface; although one linguistic plan is completed the next plan is not ready for execution
what physiological theory is this?
execution and planning model (EXPLAN)
Speakers may respond by stalling and either repeating speech already produced (whole words) or pausing, allowing time for the completion of the linguistic plan.
what physiological theory is this?
execution and planning model (EXPLAN)
What physiological theory has to do with the automatic control inherent in many mechanical and biological systems?
cybernetic and feedback models
The basic idea was that for speakers who stutter, the distorted feedback creates the misconception that an error has occurred in the flow of speech. Stuttering occurs when the speaker attempts to correct an error that has, in fact, not occurred.
what physiological theory is this?
cybernetic and feedback models
The basic idea was that for speakers who stutter, the distorted feedback creates the misconception that an error has occurred in the flow of speech. Stuttering occurs when the speaker attempts to correct an error that has, in fact, not occurred.
what physiological theory is this?
cybernetic and feedback models
what theory consider combinations of factors that result in the onset and development of stuttering?
multifactorial theories
Stuttering may be seen as multifactorial because many factors (e.g. genetic, emotional, cognitive, social, environmental interact to create it. It is also dynamic because the overt signs of stuttering are seen as surface manifestations of an ever-changing neurophysiological process underlying the disorder.
what multifactorial theory is this?
dynamic-multifactorial model
A view of stuttering that suggests that stuttering results when the demands (e.g. pressure to talk rapidly) put on a child’s speech are greater than the child’s capacity for fluency (e.g. capacity to manage the complex components of spoken language production at a high rate)
what multifactorial theory is this?
demands and capacities model
DEMANDS AND CAPACITIES MODEL:
____ are the inherited tendencies, strengths, weaknesses, and perceptions which may influence child’s fluency
capacities
Proposes that children who stutter possess genetically-influenced tendencies for fluency breakdown that interact with environmental factors to both originate and maintain the problem
what multifactorial theory is this?
demands and capacities model
DEMANDS AND CAPACITIES MODEL:
what type of demands are the ff:
- Fast-speaking rates
- Time pressure
- Competition and lack of turn-taking of other speakers
environmental demands (external demands)
DEMANDS AND CAPACITIES MODEL:
what type of demand are the ff:
- Overstimulation of language centers and demand for language performance
- Need to formulate complex sentences
- Excitement and anxiety
- Cognitive requirements to express complicated thoughts
self-imposed demands (internal demands)
DEMANDS AND CAPACITIES MODEL:
what type of demands are the ff:
- Overstimulation of language centers and demand for language performance
- Need to formulate complex sentences
- Excitement and anxiety
- Cognitive requirements to express complicated thoughts
self-imposed demands (internal demands)
De Nil and his colleagues describe a model that provides a comprehensive and unifying model of stuttering
what multifactorial theory is this?
neurophysiological model
Proposes that just as nature and nurture are not separate phenomena, psychological and neurophysiological processes are not independent entities
what multifactorial theory is this?
neurophysiological model
In neurophysiological model, it emphasizes the dynamic interplay among three levels of influence on human behavior and on stuttering in particular
what are the 3 levels?
(1) processing (central neurophysiological processes; what happens to your brain)
(2) output (motor, cognitive, language, social, and emotional processes)
(3) contextual (environmental Influences)
