(3) Developmental, Learning, And Environmental Factors In Stuttering

Question 1

Developmental and environmental influences can interact with __, __, and __ factors to precipitate stuttering

Answer 1

Sensory-motor, language, and emotional factors

Question 2

Developmental, learning, and environmental factors in stuttering can be a part of child’s development and may be common environmental situations. True or false?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Developmental, learning, and environmental factors may have a:

Answer 3

• Gradual or cumulative effects
• Appears out of nowhere, diminishes and may or may not reappear

Question 4

Almost all onset of stuttering occur when children are developing most rapidly during their ___

Answer 4

Preschool years

Question 5

Evidence of environmental influences comes in part from clinical reports of:

Answer 5

Particular stresses sometimes associated with the onset of stuttering and its remission when these stresses are lessened

Question 6

What are the cultures wherein there are higher incidences of stuttering

Answer 6

Cultures that are more competitive with high standards and less tolerance of differences

Question 7

Influences that act upon stuttering once it begins

Answer 7

Types of learning or learning factors (classical, operant, and avoidance conditioning)

Question 8

Learning factors can escalate __

Answer 8

Mild, repetitive stuttering to severe blocking with a complex pattern of extra sounds, substituted words, and avoidance of speaking situations

Question 9

Four developmental factors

Answer 9

1. Physical and motor development
2. Speech and language development
3. Cognitive development
4. Social and emotional development

Question 10

Concept that the brain has a limited amount of resources that can be applied to tasks such as learning to speak and learning to walk

Answer 10

Competition for Neural Resources

Question 11

Why is the problem of shared resources more acute in children?

Answer 11

Because their immature nervous systems have less processing capacity to share

Question 12

This is the age wherein children grow, their bodies get bigger, their nervous systems form new pathways and new connections, and their perceptual and motor skills improve with maturation and practice

Answer 12

Between 1 and 6 years old

Question 13

This may provide more “functional cerebral space” that supports fluency, but it also spurs development of other motor behaviors that may compete with fluency for available neuronal resources

Answer 13

Neurological maturation

Question 14

Which developmental factor states that: several studies have found that children who stutter to be somewhat delayed as a group compared to non-stuttering children

Answer 14

Physical and motor development

Question 15

Most stuttering begins at what age? (What happens in that age)

Answer 15

Between ages 2 and 4; Children acquire new sounds and learn new words almost by the hours

Question 16

Areas of the brain used for _____ are compromised in children who stutter

Answer 16

Integration of articulator planning, sensory feedback, and motor execution

Question 17

What developmental factor states that: planning and production of speech and language may use atypical neural pathways that may be slow or inefficient

Answer 17

Speech and Language Development

Question 18

There are greater demands when a child produces longer, faster, and more complex sentences. True or false

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What tasks used in different neural networks must be orchestrated precisely so that each element is in place at the proper time as utterances are produced

Answer 19

• Segment selection
• Grammatical formulation
• Prosodic planning

Question 20

Development of maladaptive learning, or development of compensatory strategies paving way to normal speech

Answer 20

Speech traffic jam

Question 21

Speech and language delays or difficulties are more common among children who stutter than those who don’t. True or false

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Growth of perception, attention, working memory, and executive functions that play roles in spoken language but are separate from It

Answer 22

Cognitive development

Question 23

2 ways on how cognitive development affects stuttering

Answer 23

1. Spurts in cognitive development may accompany the onset of stuttering as well as sudden increases in stuttering
2. As a child who stutters develops more advanced cognitive abilities, he is more likely to become aware and even self-conscious of his stuttering

Question 24

What age do children’s cognition mature enough? (What happens in this age)

Answer 24

Between ages 3 and 4; They internalize the standards of behavior of those around them, including peers

Question 25

Effects on strong emotions on speech

Answer 25

Social and emotional development

Question 26

This is commonly mentioned in the literature as a stimulus that elicits disfluency

Answer 26

Excitement

Question 27

All children speak more fluently during periods of excitement. True or false

Answer 27

False

Question 28

Both stuttering and normal disfluency seem to occur most often or noticeably during __

Answer 28

States of transitory emotional arousal

Question 29

What are the two stages of social and emotional development

Answer 29

1. Emotional security
2. Self-consciousness and sensitivity

Question 30

A child’s resentment at having to share his mother’s attention may elicit feelings of anger, aggression, and guilt

Answer 30

Emotional security

Question 31

Reflects the child’s growing awareness of how he is performing relative to adult expectations

Answer 31

Self-consciousness and Sensitivity

Question 32

Evidence of self-awareness

Answer 32

Self-corrections a child makes in his speech

Question 33

Three environmental factors

Answer 33

1. Parents
2. Speech and language environment
3. Life events

Question 34

The communication style that characterizes people in a child’s environment

Answer 34

Speech and language environment

Question 35

Stressful adult speech models

Answer 35

• Rapid speech rate
• Polysyllabic vocabulary
• Complex syntax
• Use of two language in home

Question 36

They may have may have an ameliorating effect on a child’s vulnerable temperament, making it possible for a child who begins to stutter and who is emotionally reactive to recover from stuttering

Answer 36

Parents

Question 37

Stressful speaking situations for children

Answer 37

• Competition for speaking
• Frequent interruptions
• Demand for display speech
• Hurried when speaking
• Frequent questions
• Excited when speaking

Question 38

Happenings in a child’s life that may stress the child

Answer 38

Life events

Question 39

Give life events in which parents first noticed their child’s stuttering

Answer 39

1. The child’s family moves to a new house, a new neighborhood, or a new city.
2. The child’s parents separate or divorce.
3. A family member dies.
4. A family member is hospitalized.
5. The child is hospitalized.
6. A parent loses his or her job.
7. A baby is born, or a child is adopted.
8. An additional person comes to live in the house.
9. One or both parents go away frequently or for a long period of time.
10. Holidays or visits occur, which cause a change in routine, excitement, or anxiety.
11. A discipline problem involving the child.

Question 40

Three learning factors

Answer 40

1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
3. Avoidance conditioning

Question 41

What are the things needed for classical conditioning to occur:

Answer 41

• Neutral stimulus
• Conditioned stimulus
• Unconditioned stimulus
• Unconditioned response

Question 42

A stimulus that reliably elicits a response

Answer 42

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 43

Response it elicits-often a reflexive or hardwired response

Answer 43

Unconditioned response

Question 44

Following a behavior with a reward or punishment so that the behavior becomes more frequent (if rewarded) or less frequent (if punished)

Answer 44

Operant conditioning

Question 45

This type of learning occurs when a person uses a behavior to try to prevent an unpleasant occurrence by doing something

Answer 45

Avoidance conditioning