(2) Constitutional Factors In Stuttering

Question 1

A basic physiological tendency that is believed to contribute to personality, temperament, and the etiology of specific mental and physical disorders

Answer 1

Constitutional factors

Question 2

Four constitutional factors

Answer 2

1. Biological background
2. Sensory and sensory-motor functions
3. Language factors
4. Emotional factors

Question 3

2 Individuals who contributed to our understanding of hereditary

Answer 3

George Mendel and Charles Darwin

Question 4

Established the principle that each parent in a breeding pair has equal contribution to the genetic makeup of the offspring

Answer 4

Gregor Mendel

Question 5

Thought to have inherited stuttering from his grandfather, Erasmus

Answer 5

Charles Darwin

Question 6

What factor in biological background states that stuttering often run long in families

Answer 6

Hereditary factors

Question 7

In hereditary factors, some debated that the appearance of stuttering is caused by an ___

Answer 7

Inherited neurological difference or anomaly

Question 8

A difference from the normal structure or function

Answer 8

Anomaly

Question 9

Exposure, risk of having the anomaly/condition

Answer 9

Predisposition

Question 10

These are seen as the result of hereditary and environment acting together with the element of chance thrown in

Answer 10

Stuttering, asthma, migraine, headaches, and certain other disorder

Question 11

3 approaches to the study of hereditary

Answer 11

1. Family studies
2. Twin studies
3. Adoption studies

Question 12

Examination of family trees of individuals to determine the frequency and pattern of the occurrence of stuttering in relatives

Answer 12

Family studies

Question 13

What is the questions that family studies can answer

Answer 13

1. Whether males or females are most likely to have children who stutter
2. Whether persistent stuttering is a trait that is inherited

Question 14

What is the process of family studies?

Answer 14

Interview individuals who stutter and who don’t stutter and compare the results on whether which among the two have more relatives who stutter than don’t stutter

Question 15

What are the findings from the family studies?

Answer 15

• Males tends to be at more risk to develop persistent stuttering
• Females tend to recover from stuttering more easily

Question 16

Stuttering that persists several years after onset, beyond the time at which natural recovery is meant to occur

Answer 16

Persistent stuttering

Question 17

An increased chance or likelihood that a person will develop a disease based on the genetic makeup

Answer 17

Genetic predisposition

Question 18

Research on the co-occurrence of both members of a twin pair if one twin stutters

Answer 18

Twin studies

Question 19

What question can twin studies answer?

Answer 19

Whether identical twins show more concordance than fraternal twins

Question 20

If one twin has a condition, such as stuttering, it is more probably that the other twin to also have the condition

Answer 20

Concordance

Question 21

Differentiate identical vs fraternal twins

Answer 21

Identical — have completely identical genes
Fraternal — only 25% of their genes are identical

Question 22

What are the findings of twin studies?

Answer 22

• Same-sex twins, identical twins show more concordance
• Genes do no work alone. It is not the primary etiology of stuttering

Question 23

Wherein one twin stutters and the other doesn’t

Answer 23

Discordance

Question 24

Investigation on adopted siblings who were adopted soon after birth and placed with different families

Answer 24

Adoption studies

Question 25

In adoption studies, they have found that environment plays a slightly stronger role than hereditary. True or false

Answer 25

False (hereditary is stronger)

Question 26

How many genes do humans have?

Answer 26

Between 25,000 and 35,00 genes

Question 27

Segments of DNA that determine various individual traits

Answer 27

Genes

Question 28

Contains the "instruction book" that tells the body how to make various chemicals that determine characteristics

Answer 28

DNA

Question 29

DNA is wrapped into worm-like structures called __

Answer 29

Chromosomes

Question 30

Almost every cell in the body contain __ chromosomes and __ pairs

Answer 30

46 chromosomes and 23 pairs

Question 31

Genes associated with stuttering

Answer 31

Chromosome 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 16, 18

Question 32

Chromosome 9 are associated with __

Answer 32

Persisted and recovered stuttering

Question 33

Chromosome 15 is associated with __

Answer 33

Persistent stuttering

Question 34

Chromosome 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, is associated with __

Answer 34

Stuttering

Question 35

Physical or psychological trauma that occurs at or near birth that may predispose an individual to develop stuttering

Answer 35

Congenital factors

Question 36

Susceptibility to developing a condition

Answer 36

Predisposition

Question 37

__ % of individuals who stutter have family histories of stuttering; while ___% from other factors (environment)

Answer 37

30 to 40%; 60 to 70%

Question 38

In congenital and early childhood factors, studies revealed history of infectious diseases, anoxia at birth, childhood surgery, head injury, mild cerebral palsy, mild retardation, and intense fear prior to the onset of stuttering. True or false

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Brain STRUCTURE differences in people who stutter

Answer 39

- Sensory, planning, and motor areas developed differently as opposed to non-stuttering individual - White matter tracts are less dense than normal speakers - Denser in the right hemisphere with those who stutter - Most robust difference is in the left hemisphere fiber tracts - Certain nerve fibers aren’t structured as effectively

Question 40

Provide sensory-motor integration for speech

Answer 40

Superior longitudinal fasiculus

Question 41

Provide sensory-motor integration for speech

Answer 41

Superior longitudinal fasiculus

Question 42

Brain FUNCTION differences in people who stutter

Answer 42

- PWS have greater activity in their RH than in their LH during BOTH fluent and stuttered speech - Underactivation of LH structures

Question 43

2 studies used to determine brain function differences

Answer 43

1. EEG studies 2. Brain imaging studies using MRI, PET, etc.

Question 44

Findings from brain imaging studies

Answer 44

- Overactivation of RH during speaking - Deactivation of left auditory coretx during stuttering - Anomalous symmetry in planum temporal - Less dense fibers in white matter tracts of left operculum

Question 45

Responsible for auditory processing and receptive language

Answer 45

Planum temporal

Question 46

Responsible for sequential differences, particularly duration

Answer 46

Left auditory cortex

Question 47

Activity of the brain as it interprets information coming from senses, such as sounds arriving via the ears and the auditory nerves

Answer 47

Sensory processing

Question 48

The way all movement is carried out with sensory information used before, during, and after to improve the precision of movement

Answer 48

Sensory-motor control

Question 49

Why are researches conducted on the ability of individuals who stutter to process sensory information?

Answer 49

1. PWS abnormal speech as the result of the disturbance of feedback 2. Altered sensory processing as cause of stuttering

Question 50

Studies on how accurately and quickly PWS can identify and judge the duration of auditory signals, as compared to non-stutterers

Answer 50

Central auditory processing

Question 51

Describe the central auditory processing of PWS

Answer 51

- Poorer central auditory processing, especially on temporal information - PWS are less accurate at identifying under noisy conditions - PWS are poorer at judging duration of tones

Question 52

Brainwaves of PWS may have __ and __ when listening to linguistically complex stimuli

Answer 52

Longer latencies and lower amplitudes

Question 53

Developed to assess hemispheric dominance for speech and language by testing which ear was more accurate in hearing speech sounds

Answer 53

Dichotic listening test

Question 54

Findings from dichotic listening studies

Answer 54

- PWS have less right-ear/left hemisphere advantage - Reversed hemispheric dominance

Question 55

Ancient Greek who stutters, who, improved his speech by orating above the roar of the mediterranean sea

Answer 55

Demosthenes

Question 56

Delayed feedback can create an artificial stutter for a normal speaker. True or false?

Answer 56

True

Question 57

The participant is asked to watch the computer screen for a picture of an object and to say its name the moment it appears

Answer 57

Reaction time

Question 58

Reaction time involves:

Answer 58

Sensory analysis, response planning, and response execution

Question 59

Processing stages in reaction time task. Explain each stage

Answer 59

1. Sensory analysis — Subject hears signal, sees image on screen, sense the position of speech structures and tension of muscles 2. Response planning — Subject chooses word to say, selects phonemes and muscles to use 3. Response execution — Subject activates muscles in proper sequence

Question 60

Findings from fluent speech

Answer 60

PWS have slower speech movements and sometimes have abnormal sequencing in the movement of their articulator

Question 61

Area of the brain which is involved in the sequential articulatory movement of speech

Answer 61

Supplementary motor area (SMA)

Question 62

Findings from non-speech motor control of PWS

Answer 62

- PWS are slower than non-stutterers

Question 63

3 language factors

Answer 63

1. Language development 2. Language delay/disorder 3. Language complexity

Question 64

The rapid language acquisition that occurs in all children between the ages __ (which is the peak of language development) places high demands on brain resources

Answer 64

Between ages 2 and 5

Question 65

What age is the start of language acquisition

Answer 65

2 years old

Question 66

Language delays/disorder may precipitate or worsen the stuttering because they deal with two deficits:

Answer 66

1. Speech motor control 2. Language problem

Question 67

More stuttering occurs in more complex sentences. True or false

Answer 67

True

Question 68

Stuttering is influenced by linguistic factors such as:

Answer 68

- Location - Word class - Length

Question 69

Relationship between emotion and stuttering varies among individuals

Answer 69

Emotional factors

Question 70

___ may cause stuttering, but stuttering may also cause __

Answer 70

Emotional arousal

Question 71

3 emotional factors

Answer 71

1. Anxiety 2. Autonomic arousal 3. Temperament

Question 72

Generally describes a state of alert concern about a future event

Answer 72

Anxiety

Question 73

Denotes activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for action such as fight-or-flight response

Answer 73

Autonomic arousal

Question 74

Aspects of individual's personality, such as sensitive versus thick-skinned, that are thought to be innate, rather than learned

Answer 74

Temperament

Question 75

Aspects of individual's personality, such as sensitive versus thick-skinned, that are thought to be innate, rather than learned

Answer 75

Temperament