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FLUENCY > (2) Constitutional Factors In Stuttering > Flashcards

(2) Constitutional Factors In Stuttering Flashcards

1
Q

A basic physiological tendency that is believed to contribute to personality, temperament, and the etiology of specific mental and physical disorders

A

Constitutional factors

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2
Q

Four constitutional factors

A
  1. Biological background
  2. Sensory and sensory-motor functions
  3. Language factors
  4. Emotional factors
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3
Q

2 Individuals who contributed to our understanding of hereditary

A

George Mendel and Charles Darwin

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4
Q

Established the principle that each parent in a breeding pair has equal contribution to the genetic makeup of the offspring

A

Gregor Mendel

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5
Q

Thought to have inherited stuttering from his grandfather, Erasmus

A

Charles Darwin

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6
Q

What factor in biological background states that stuttering often run long in families

A

Hereditary factors

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7
Q

In hereditary factors, some debated that the appearance of stuttering is caused by an ___

A

Inherited neurological difference or anomaly

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8
Q

A difference from the normal structure or function

A

Anomaly

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9
Q

Exposure, risk of having the anomaly/condition

A

Predisposition

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10
Q

These are seen as the result of hereditary and environment acting together with the element of chance thrown in

A

Stuttering, asthma, migraine, headaches, and certain other disorder

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11
Q

3 approaches to the study of hereditary

A
  1. Family studies
  2. Twin studies
  3. Adoption studies
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12
Q

Examination of family trees of individuals to determine the frequency and pattern of the occurrence of stuttering in relatives

A

Family studies

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13
Q

What is the questions that family studies can answer

A
  1. Whether males or females are most likely to have children who stutter
  2. Whether persistent stuttering is a trait that is inherited
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14
Q

What is the process of family studies?

A

Interview individuals who stutter and who don’t stutter and compare the results on whether which among the two have more relatives who stutter than don’t stutter

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15
Q

What are the findings from the family studies?

A
  • Males tends to be at more risk to develop persistent stuttering
  • Females tend to recover from stuttering more easily
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16
Q

Stuttering that persists several years after onset, beyond the time at which natural recovery is meant to occur

A

Persistent stuttering

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17
Q

An increased chance or likelihood that a person will develop a disease based on the genetic makeup

A

Genetic predisposition

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18
Q

Research on the co-occurrence of both members of a twin pair if one twin stutters

A

Twin studies

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19
Q

What question can twin studies answer?

A

Whether identical twins show more concordance than fraternal twins

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20
Q

If one twin has a condition, such as stuttering, it is more probably that the other twin to also have the condition

A

Concordance

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21
Q

Differentiate identical vs fraternal twins

A

Identical — have completely identical genes
Fraternal — only 25% of their genes are identical

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22
Q

What are the findings of twin studies?

A
  • Same-sex twins, identical twins show more concordance
  • Genes do no work alone. It is not the primary etiology of stuttering
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23
Q

Wherein one twin stutters and the other doesn’t

A

Discordance

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24
Q

Investigation on adopted siblings who were adopted soon after birth and placed with different families

A

Adoption studies

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25
Q

In adoption studies, they have found that environment plays a slightly stronger role than hereditary. True or false

A

False (hereditary is stronger)

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26
Q

How many genes do humans have?

A

Between 25,000 and 35,00 genes

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27
Q

Segments of DNA that determine various individual traits

A

Genes

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28
Q

Contains the “instruction book” that tells the body how to make various chemicals that determine characteristics

A

DNA

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29
Q

DNA is wrapped into worm-like structures called __

A

Chromosomes

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30
Q

Almost every cell in the body contain __ chromosomes and __ pairs

A

46 chromosomes and 23 pairs

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31
Q

Genes associated with stuttering

A

Chromosome 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 16, 18

32
Q

Chromosome 9 are associated with __

A

Persisted and recovered stuttering

33
Q

Chromosome 15 is associated with __

A

Persistent stuttering

34
Q

Chromosome 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, is associated with __

A

Stuttering

35
Q

Physical or psychological trauma that occurs at or near birth that may predispose an individual to develop stuttering

A

Congenital factors

36
Q

Susceptibility to developing a condition

A

Predisposition

37
Q

__ % of individuals who stutter have family histories of stuttering; while ___% from other factors (environment)

A

30 to 40%; 60 to 70%

38
Q

In congenital and early childhood factors, studies revealed history of infectious diseases, anoxia at birth, childhood surgery, head injury, mild cerebral palsy, mild retardation, and intense fear prior to the onset of stuttering. True or false

A

True

39
Q

Brain STRUCTURE differences in people who stutter

A
  • Sensory, planning, and motor areas developed differently as opposed to non-stuttering individual
  • White matter tracts are less dense than normal speakers
  • Denser in the right hemisphere with those who stutter
  • Most robust difference is in the left hemisphere fiber tracts
  • Certain nerve fibers aren’t structured as effectively
40
Q

Provide sensory-motor integration for speech

A

Superior longitudinal fasiculus

41
Q

Provide sensory-motor integration for speech

A

Superior longitudinal fasiculus

42
Q

Brain FUNCTION differences in people who stutter

A
  • PWS have greater activity in their RH than in their LH during BOTH fluent and stuttered speech
  • Underactivation of LH structures
43
Q

2 studies used to determine brain function differences

A
  1. EEG studies
  2. Brain imaging studies using MRI, PET, etc.
44
Q

Findings from brain imaging studies

A
  • Overactivation of RH during speaking
  • Deactivation of left auditory coretx during stuttering
  • Anomalous symmetry in planum temporal
  • Less dense fibers in white matter tracts of left operculum
45
Q

Responsible for auditory processing and receptive language

A

Planum temporal

46
Q

Responsible for sequential differences, particularly duration

A

Left auditory cortex

47
Q

Activity of the brain as it interprets information coming from senses, such as sounds arriving via the ears and the auditory nerves

A

Sensory processing

48
Q

The way all movement is carried out with sensory information used before, during, and after to improve the precision of movement

A

Sensory-motor control

49
Q

Why are researches conducted on the ability of individuals who stutter to process sensory information?

A
  1. PWS abnormal speech as the result of the disturbance of feedback
  2. Altered sensory processing as cause of stuttering
50
Q

Studies on how accurately and quickly PWS can identify and judge the duration of auditory signals, as compared to non-stutterers

A

Central auditory processing

51
Q

Describe the central auditory processing of PWS

A
  • Poorer central auditory processing, especially on temporal information
  • PWS are less accurate at identifying under noisy conditions
  • PWS are poorer at judging duration of tones
52
Q

Brainwaves of PWS may have __ and __ when listening to linguistically complex stimuli

A

Longer latencies and lower amplitudes

53
Q

Developed to assess hemispheric dominance for speech and language by testing which ear was more accurate in hearing speech sounds

A

Dichotic listening test

54
Q

Findings from dichotic listening studies

A
  • PWS have less right-ear/left hemisphere advantage
  • Reversed hemispheric dominance
55
Q

Ancient Greek who stutters, who, improved his speech by orating above the roar of the mediterranean sea

A

Demosthenes

56
Q

Delayed feedback can create an artificial stutter for a normal speaker. True or false?

A

True

57
Q

The participant is asked to watch the computer screen for a picture of an object and to say its name the moment it appears

A

Reaction time

58
Q

Reaction time involves:

A

Sensory analysis, response planning, and response execution

59
Q

Processing stages in reaction time task. Explain each stage

A
  1. Sensory analysis — Subject hears signal, sees image on screen, sense the position of speech structures and tension of muscles
  2. Response planning — Subject chooses word to say, selects phonemes and muscles to use
  3. Response execution — Subject activates muscles in proper sequence
60
Q

Findings from fluent speech

A

PWS have slower speech movements and sometimes have abnormal sequencing in the movement of their articulator

61
Q

Area of the brain which is involved in the sequential articulatory movement of speech

A

Supplementary motor area (SMA)

62
Q

Findings from non-speech motor control of PWS

A
  • PWS are slower than non-stutterers
63
Q

3 language factors

A
  1. Language development
  2. Language delay/disorder
  3. Language complexity
64
Q

The rapid language acquisition that occurs in all children between the ages __ (which is the peak of language development) places high demands on brain resources

A

Between ages 2 and 5

65
Q

What age is the start of language acquisition

A

2 years old

66
Q

Language delays/disorder may precipitate or worsen the stuttering because they deal with two deficits:

A
  1. Speech motor control
  2. Language problem
67
Q

More stuttering occurs in more complex sentences. True or false

A

True

68
Q

Stuttering is influenced by linguistic factors such as:

A
  • Location
  • Word class
  • Length
69
Q

Relationship between emotion and stuttering varies among individuals

A

Emotional factors

70
Q

___ may cause stuttering, but
stuttering may also cause __

A

Emotional arousal

71
Q

3 emotional factors

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Autonomic arousal
  3. Temperament
72
Q

Generally describes a state of alert concern about a future event

A

Anxiety

73
Q

Denotes activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for action such as fight-or-flight response

A

Autonomic arousal

74
Q

Aspects of individual’s personality, such as sensitive versus thick-skinned, that are thought to be innate, rather than learned

A

Temperament

75
Q

Aspects of individual’s personality, such as sensitive versus thick-skinned, that are thought to be innate, rather than learned

A

Temperament

FLUENCY (5 decks)

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