4: Theories of Development Flashcards
Piaget’s theory has these traits:
- discontinuous
- domain-general mechanism
- children are active agents
- constructivist approach
processes of organization
- assimilation: new experiences are incorporated into child’s theories
- accomodation: new experiences modify child’s theories
What are Piaget’s stages of development?
stage + age range
1 Sensorimotor: birth - 2yrs
2 Preoperational: 2yrs - 7yrs
- Preconceptual: 2yrs - 4yrs
- Intuitive: 4yrs - 7yrs
3 Concrete operations: 7yrs - 11/12yrs
4 Formal operations: 11/12yrs - 14/15yrs
Piaget stage of development
Sensorimotor
stage # + age + common errors + skills gained
1: birth - 2yrs
- goal directed behaviour
develop:
- understand cause and effect
- object permanence
still fails:
- A not B error (can’t find object hidden in new location)
Piaget stage of development
Preoperational
stage # + age + common errors
2: 2yrs - 7yrs
fail to conserve or reverse:
- liquid (in different glasses)
- numbers
- egocentric perspective
Piaget stage of development
Concrete Operations
stage # + age + common errors/skills gained
3: 7yrs - 11/12yrs
ability to conserve and reverse but only for concrete things
Piaget stage of development
Formal Operations
4: 11/12yrs - 14/15yrs
- abstract reasoning
- generate ideas without experience
Vygotsky’s theory has these traits:
- constructivist
- children are social beings
- social interactions drive cognitive development
4 levels of development
list
- ontogenetic
- microgenetic
- phylogenetic
- sociohistorical
Ontogenetic
definition
development of one individual over their lifetime
eg: Jeff throughout his life
Microgenetic
definition
changes over a relatively brief period of time
eg: Jeff learned a new language
Phylogenetic
definition
changes over the evolutionary timeline
eg: humans evolving from 4 legged creatures to 2 legged
Sociohistorical
definition
changes occuring across generations in one’s own culture
eg: greek culture shifting from worshipping the pantheon of greek gods to the greek orthodox church
why might german children have difficulty writing 2 digit numbers?
because german 2 digit numbers are spoken with the ones digit before the tens digit
eg: 47 = siebenundvierzig (seven and forty)
intersubjectivity
part of who’s theory + explanation
Vygotsky
a mutual, shared understanding that develops among participants in an activity
guided participation
part of who’s theory + explanation
Vygotsky
cognitive growth results from involvement in structured activities with more skilled partners
eg: child helps bake, parent reads to/with child…
zone of proximal development
part of who’s theory + explanation
Vygotsky
easy zone: can complete task alone
challenge zone: can complete task with help (ZoPD)
difficult zone: cannot complete task, even with help
Scaffolding
part of who’s theory + explanation
Vygotsky
teach using small steps which build upon eachother, to eventually teach complex topics
What are traits of ideal scaffolding?
in teaching
should:
1. capture interest
2. establish and maintain attention
3. highlight critical features that may be overlooked
4. demonstrate how to achieve goal
5. within the zone of proximal development
Private speech
part of who’s theory + explanation
Vygotsky
children use self-directed speech to help guide their behaviour
- Piaget believed this was egocentrism, rather than a tool for learning
What does private speech typically develop into?
name + what age this typically occurs
Inner speech
internalized private speech
typically occurs at age 3 - 7
What does the use of private speech in children predict?
traits
- higher social competency
- better emotional regulation
What is meant by a flipped classroom?
- lectures are watched outside of class time
- class time is used for engaging activities
- learning is meant to occure through interaction between individuals
