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ANURBF FINALS > 4 - Table > Flashcards

4 - Table Flashcards

1
Q

must be assessed for preterm delivery tests determine the total surfactant in the fetal alveoli

A

Fetal Lung Maturity

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2
Q

normally appears in mature lungs and allows alveoli to remain open throughout the normal cycle of inhal and exhalation

A

Surfactants

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3
Q

most frequent complication of early delivery Caused by lack of lung surfactants

A

Respiratory Distress syndrome

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4
Q

reference method

A

Lecithin/Sphingomyelin Ratio

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5
Q

: maintains alveolar stability

A

Lecithin

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6
Q

primary component

A

Lecithin

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7
Q

: serves as the control or basis for lecithin increase

A

Sphingomyelin

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8
Q

Lecithin/Sphingomyelin Normal ratio:

A

2:1

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9
Q

Up to 26th week of gestation:

A

Lecithin < Sphingomyelin

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10
Q

36th week of gestation:

A

Lecithin = Sphingomyelin

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11
Q

After 36th week of gestation:

A

Lecithin > Sphingomyelin

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12
Q

L/S Ratio < 1.6:

A

Respiratory Distress syndrome

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13
Q

Lung surfactant that may be assayed in place of L/S Ratio

A

Phosphatidylglycerol/
Phosphatidylinositol

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14
Q

Production similar to lecithin except for diabetic mothers (delayed)

A

Phosphatidylglycerol/
Phosphatidylinositol

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15
Q

Assayed using thin-layer chromatography or Amniostat-FLM

A

Phosphatidylglycerol/
Phosphatidylinositol

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16
Q
  • uses antisera specific for phosphatidylglycerol
A

Amniostat-FLM

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17
Q

shaking amniotic fluid with 95% ethanol for 15 seconds

A

Foam/Shake Test

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18
Q

(+) Result: presence of continuous bubbles around the outside edge for 15 minutes

A

Foam/Shake Test

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19
Q

Semiquantitative measure of the amount of surfactants present

A

Foam Stability Index

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20
Q

Procedure: amniotic fluid + increasing amount of 95% ethanol

A

Foam Stability Index

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21
Q

Foam Stability Index Value of (?): indicates fetal lung maturity

A

≥ 47

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22
Q

Foam Stability Index Value of (?): immature lungs

A

< 47

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23
Q

Measures the change in (?) which decreases in the presence of phospholipids

A

Microviscosity

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24
Q

Principle: Fluorescence polarization

A

Microviscosity

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25
Q

Presence of (?) decreases the microviscosity of amniotic fluid

A

phospholipids

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26
Q

Microviscosity : Internal Standard

A

Albumin

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27
Q

Microviscosity Value of (?): indicates fetal lung maturity

A

≥ 55

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28
Q

are lamellated phospholipids that represent storage form of surfactant

A

Lamellar bodies

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29
Q

The number of lamellar bodies present in the amniotic fluid correlates with the amount of phospholipid present in the fetal lungs=

A

RESISTANCE PULSE COUNTING

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30
Q

Lamellar Bodies=FETAL LUNG MATURITY

A

32,000/MI

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31
Q

+ lamellar bodies increases (?) of amniotic fluid

A

OD

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32
Q
  • Infection of Mother and fetus
A

TESTS FOR FETAL DISTRESS

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33
Q
  • Bilirubin analysis
A

TESTS FOR FETAL DISTRESS

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34
Q
  • Alfafetoprotein(AFP) Test
A

TESTS FOR FETAL DISTRESS

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35
Q
  • Acetylicholinesterase level
A

TESTS FOR FETAL DISTRESS

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36
Q
  • Creatinine concentration
A

TESTS FOR FETAL AGE

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37
Q

Used for the evaluation of hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by Rh or ABO incompatibilities

A

Bilirubin Analysis

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38
Q

: bilirubin decreases

A

Normal pregnancy

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39
Q

: bilirubin increases as a result of fetal red cell destruction

A

HDN

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40
Q

Principle: optical density of bilirubin (peak @ 450 nm) plotted on a Liley graph

A

Bilirubin Analysis

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41
Q

Performed for the detection of neural tube defects

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

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42
Q

Produced by the fetal liver and are present in amniotic fluid and maternal serum

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

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43
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein : highest AFP concentration

A

12th to 15th week of gestation

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44
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein : After 15th week of gestation

A

AFP concentration declines

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45
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein: indicates abnormal result

A

MoM > 2.0

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46
Q

Used as a confirmatory test for an elevated AFP

A

Acetylcholinesterase Level

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47
Q

Precaution: sample should not be contaminated with blood

A

Acetylcholinesterase Level

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48
Q

Increases as the baby nears term and concentration is 1.5 to 2.0 mg/dl prior to 36th week of gestation

A

Creatinine Concentration

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49
Q

Measured by Jaffe’s reaction

A

Creatinine Concentration

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50
Q

Creatinine Concentration level that indicates that the pregnancy is over 36 weeks

A

> 2.0 mg/dl

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51
Q

serum-like fluids formed as ultrafiltrates of plasma which provide lubrication if the cavities where they are found

A

SEROUS FLUIDS

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52
Q

Primary causes of effusions include:

A

increased hydrostatic pressure (congestive heart failure)
decreased oncotic pressure (hypoproteinemia)
increased capillary permeability (inflammation and infection)
absorption of fluid into the lymphatic system

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53
Q

Two Membranes of Serous Cavities:

A

( Parietal Membrane
( Visceral Membrane

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54
Q

: lines the cavity

A

( Parietal Membrane

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55
Q

: forms a sac around the organs

A

( Visceral Membrane

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56
Q

If an alteration in the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure in the capillaries of the cavities happens, there will be an increase in fluid volume known as an

A

EFFUSION

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57
Q

accumulation of serous fluid

A

EFFUSION

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58
Q

: serous effusions that result from disturbance of the fluid production and regulation between serous membranes

A

TRANSUDATE

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59
Q

: purulent effusions that form in any body cavity as a result of an inflammatory process

A

EXUDATE

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60
Q

Force that pushes fluid out of blood capillaries

A

INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

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61
Q

Force that pushes fluid into blood capillaries

A

DECREASED ONCOTIC PRESSURE

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62
Q

Chronic/Congenital Heart Failure

A

INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

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63
Q

Salt and fluid retention

A

INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

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64
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

DECREASED ONCOTIC PRESSURE

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65
Q

↑ protein – proteinuria
↓ albumin – hypoalbuminemia

A

DECREASED ONCOTIC PRESSURE

66
Q

edema – swelling

A

DECREASED ONCOTIC PRESSURE

67
Q

Hepatic cirrhosis

A

DECREASED ONCOTIC PRESSURE

68
Q

Malnutrition

A

DECREASED ONCOTIC PRESSURE

69
Q

Protein-losing enteropathy

A

DECREASED ONCOTIC PRESSURE

70
Q

Appearance
TRANSUDATE
EXUDATE

A

Clear
Cloudy

71
Q

Fluid:serum protein ratio
TRANSUDATE
EXUDATE

72
Q

Fluid:serum LD ratio
TRANSUDATE
EXUDATE

73
Q

WBC count
TRANSUDATE
EXUDATE

A

<1,000/µL
>1,000/µL

74
Q

RBC count
TRANSUDATE
EXUDATE

A

Low
>100,000/µL

75
Q

Spontaneous clotting
TRANSUDATE
EXUDATE

A

No
Possible

76
Q

Pleural fluid cholesterol
TRANSUDATE
EXUDATE

A

<45 to 60 mg/dL
>45 to 60 mg/dL

77
Q

Pleural fluid: serum cholesterol ratio
TRANSUDATE
EXUDATE

78
Q

Pleural fluid: bilirubin ratio
TRANSUDATE
EXUDATE

79
Q

Serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG)
TRANSUDATE
EXUDATE

80
Q

: pleural fluid collection

A

Thoracentesis

81
Q

: pericardial fluid collection

A

Pericardiocentesis

82
Q

: peritoneal fluid collection

A

Paracentesis

83
Q

SEROUS FLUIDS

Maintained at (?) and transported as soon as possible

A

room temperature

84
Q

Only serous fluid for cytology may be (?) – affects viability of specimen

A

refrigerated (4 to 8OC)

85
Q

LABORATORY TESTS FOR SEROUS FLUIDS

A

Physical Examination
Cell count and differential count
Chemistry
Microbiology
Cytology

86
Q

: appearance, volume, spontaneous clotting

A

Physical Examination

87
Q

: protein, cholesterol, LD, fluid-to-blood ratios

88
Q

: Gram stain, acid fast satin, fungal stain, culture and sensitivity

A

Microbiology

89
Q

Present within the synovial cavities found in free-moving joints

A

SYNOVIAL FLUIDS

90
Q

A viscous liquid found in the cavities of diarthroses

A

SYNOVIAL FLUIDS

91
Q

Formed as an ultrafiltrate of plasma-HYALURONIC ACID

A

SYNOVIAL FLUIDS

92
Q

Mucoidal substance

A

HYALURONIC ACID

93
Q

SYNOVIAL FLUIDS
Functions:

A

Reduces friction between bones during movement
Provides nutrients ta articular cartilage
Lessens the shock of joint compression

94
Q

: needle aspiration of fluid from joints

A

Arthrocentesis

95
Q

SYNOVIAL FLUIDS

powdered anticoagulants should never be used

A

Oxalate, lithium heparin, and powdered EDTA

96
Q

May produce artifacts that may interfere with crystal analysis

A

Oxalate, lithium heparin, and powdered EDTA

97
Q

synovial fluid specimens should be processed (?) to avoid alteration of chemical constituents, cell lysis, micro detection and identification

98
Q

Glucose testing: fasting for 6 hours

A

SYNOVIAL FLUIDS

99
Q

To establish an equilibrium between plasma and joint glucose levels

A

Glucose testing

100
Q

Determines the integrity of the hyaluronic acid-protein complex

A

MUCIN CLOT TEST

101
Q

Normal synovial fluid:

A

tight ropy clot upon the addition of HAc

102
Q

MUCIN CLOT TEST Reagent:

A

2 to 5% HAc

103
Q

MUCIN CLOT TEST Reporting:
Good:
Fair:
Low:
Poor:

A

solid clot
soft clot
friable clot
no clot

104
Q

Same proteins with that of plasma except fibrinogen, β2-macroglobulin and α2- macroglobulin

A

Protein Determination

105
Q

Normal value: 1 to 3 g/dL

A

Protein Determination

106
Q

↑: ankylosing spondylitis, arthritis, arthropathies (Crohn’s disease), gout, psoriasis, Reiter syndrome and ulcerative colitis

A

Protein Determination

107
Q

Normal value: 10mg/dL lower than serum

A

Glucose Determination

108
Q

↓: infectious joint disorders

A

Glucose Determination

109
Q

Diagnosis of gout

A

Uric Acid Determination

110
Q

Normal value: 6 to 8 mg/dL

A

Uric Acid Determination

111
Q

Results from anaerobic glycolysis in the synovium

A

Lactic Acid Determination

112
Q

For rapid differentiation or inflammatory septic arthritis

A

Lactic Acid Determination

113
Q

Normal value: <25 mg/dL

A

Lactic Acid Determination

114
Q

↑ (as high as 1000 mg/dL): septic arthritis

A

Lactic Acid Determination

115
Q

Performed immediately, otherwise refrigerate specimen

A

Total WBC Count

116
Q

Clear specimens: no dilution needed

A

Total WBC Count

117
Q

Total WBC Count Turbid/Bloody:

A

NSS + methylene blue

118
Q

Total WBC Count to promote RBC lysis:

A

+ hypotonic saline or saline with saponin

119
Q

Total WBC Count Very viscous specimen:

A

+ hyaluronidase to 0.5 ml of fluid
+ 0.05% hyaluronidase in PO4 buffer/ml of fluid
incubate for 5 min at 37oC

120
Q

Total WBC Count Counting chamber:

121
Q

Normally absent in synovial fluid

A

CRYSTALS IN SYNOVIAL FLUID

122
Q

CRYSTALS IN SYNOVIAL FLUID Formation may be due to:

A

(1) decreased renal excretion (produced elevated blood levels of crystalizing chemical)
(2) degeneration of cartilage and bone
(3) injection of medication

123
Q

Common crystals formed

A

Monosodium urate/uric acid
Calcium pyrophosphate

124
Q

needle-like appearance seen in gout

A

Monosodium urate/uric acid

125
Q

Appears yellow in compensated polarized light indicating negative birefringence

A

Monosodium urate/uric acid

126
Q

needle-like appearance or in rods seen in Pseudogout

A

Calcium pyrophosphate

127
Q

Appears blue in compensated polarized light indicating positive birefringence

A

Calcium pyrophosphate

128
Q

Needle-like

A

Monosodium urate

129
Q

(-) birefringence

A

Monosodium urate
Cholesterol
Calcium oxalate

130
Q

Gout

A

Monosodium urate

131
Q

Rhombic squares or rods

A

Calcium pyrophosphate

132
Q

(+) birefringence

A

Calcium pyrophosphate

133
Q

Pseudogout

A

Calcium pyrophosphate

134
Q

Notched, rhombic plates

A

Cholesterol

135
Q

Chronic effusion

A

Cholesterol

136
Q

Flat, variableshaped plates

A

Corticosteroid

137
Q

May exhibit positive and negative birefringence

A

Corticosteroid

138
Q

Injections

A

Corticosteroid

139
Q

Envelope-like

A

Calcium oxalate

140
Q

Renal dialysis

A

Calcium oxalate

141
Q

Small particles

A

Calcium phosphate

142
Q

No birefringence

A

Calcium phosphate

143
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Calcium phosphate

144
Q

stimulates parietal cells to produce HCI

145
Q

For intestinal absorption of Vit.B12

A

INTRINSIC FACTOR

146
Q

Pepsinogen ->

147
Q

– catalyzes protein digestion

148
Q

GASTRIC Patient Preparation:

A

12-hour fasting/15-hour fasting
no medication 24 hours prior to collection
should not swallow excessive amount of saliva
should be resting and relaxed

149
Q

gastric tube inserted in the stomach (buccal/nasal cavity)

A
  1. TUBE/INTUBATION METHOD
150
Q

Oral administration of ion-exchange resin with azure blue dye → free HCl acts on the complex → azure blue is released from the complex and reabsorbed → excreted as part of urine

A
  1. TUBELESS METHOD/DIAGNEX BLUE METHOD
151
Q

requires fasting for 12 or 15 hours

A
  1. BASAL GASTRIC SECRETION
152
Q

total gastric secretion reflects

A

Basal Acid Output (BAO)

153
Q

BAO:

A

0 to 6 mEq/hr

154
Q
  1. MAXIMAL GASTRIC SECRETION
    requires stimulation
A

HISTAMINE
PENTAGASTRIN
HISTALOG (BETAZOLE)

155
Q

Primarily involves qualitative and quantitative measurement of gastric acidity

A

GASTRIC JUICE CHEMICAL EXAMINATION

156
Q

: measures free HCl, loosely combined HCl, acid salts and organic acids

A

Total Acidity

157
Q

—normal acidity Hyperchlorhydia—duodenal and peptic ulcer

A

Euchlorhydia

158
Q

—carcinoma of the stomach, gastric syphilis, chronic gastritis

A

Hypochlorhydia

159
Q

—pernicious anemia, advanced gastric cancer, pellagra

A

Achlorhydia

160
Q

—complete absence of HCl

ANURBF FINALS (7 decks)

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