4. Sensory systems and special senses Flashcards
List 5 special senses
-Olfaction-smell
-Vision
-Taste
-Hearing or audition
-Vestibular function
What sensory receptor does olfaction use and describe their pathway from the receptor to the cortex
They use Chemoreceptors and the Olfactory tract projects to cortical areas
What sensory receptor does Vision use and describe their pathway from the receptor to the cortex
They use photoreceptors, they go through Photoreceptors than to the bioploar cells and to the ganglion cells
What sensory receptor does Taste use and describe their pathway from the receptor to the cortex
They use Chemoreceptors, they use the Cranial nerves VII and IX to project to the interior surface of the frontal cortex
What sensory receptor does Hearing or audition use and describe their pathway from the receptor to the cortex
They use Mechanoreceptors, they go from Cochlea,CN VIII, Brainstem Nuclei then to the auditory cortex(Temporal Lobe)
What sensory receptor does Vestibular function use and describe their pathway from the receptor to the cortex
They use Mechanoreceptors, neural signals goes to CN VIII
Describe myopia and how its caused and how it could be fixed with the corrective lens
Near Sightedness, caused by eyeball being too long and corrected with concave lenses
Describe hyperopia and how its caused and how it could be fixed with the corrective lens
Far sightedness caused by eyeball too short and fixed with convex lens
Describe presbyopia and how its caused and how it could be fixed with the corrective lens
Loss of lens accommodation caused by age and fixed with reading glasses
Describe the function of the external ear.
Funneling/focusing of sound waves
Describe the function of the middle ear
Mechanical conversion of sound waves to pressure waves
Describe the function of the inner ear
Pressure waves converted to neural signal
Explain how sound waves are transduced into a neural signal
by the pressure waves
Describe how prolonged exposure to loud sounds induces hearing loss
Hair cells can be damaged
What is the difference between conductive and central deafness
one is a failure in the transmission of the sound wave and the other is damage to neural pathways
Describe the structure of the vestibular system and its function
Two elegant sensors within the cranium, one on each side
mostly for balance
What are the differences between semicircular canals and the otolith organs
Semicircular canals detects rotational movements and the otolith organ detects the position of the head relative to gravity
Explain why vertigo and nystagmus can arise from vestibular dysfunction
This can happen when there is an imbalance of vestibular inputs
Explain why vertigo and nystagmus don’t always indicate that there is a problem with the vestibular system
can be evoked as a normal response(e.g after spinning) or spontaneously as a sign of underlying neuropathology
