4: Sampling, Measurement and Hypothesis Testing Flashcards

1
Q

Random sampling

A

each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to be a member of the sample

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2
Q

stratified sampling

A

Proportions of important subgroups in the population are represented precisely

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2
Q

Probability sampling is and includes

A

Each member of the population has a definable probability of being selected for the sample

Random sampling
stratified sampling
cluster sampling

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3
Q

Non probability sampling

A

selects samples based on the subjective judgment of the researcher rather than random selection

convenience sampling
purposive sampling
quota sampling
snowball sampling

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4
Q

Cluster sampling

A

Researcher randomly selects a cluster of people all having the same feature in common
Helps for big populations

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5
Q

Purposive sampling

A

A specific type of person is recruited for the sample

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6
Q

Convenience sampling

A

A group of individuals who meet the general requirements for the study and are recruited in a variety of non-random ways
§ From the subject pool

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7
Q

Quota sampling

A

The researcher attempts to accomplish the same goal as stratified sampling but does so in a non-random fashion

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8
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Once a member of a particular group has been surveyed, the researcher asks that person to help recruit additional subjects through a network of friends

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9
Q

Developing measures from constructs

A

Researchers define the constructs as precisely as possible - operational definitions

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10
Q

how do we evaluate measures

A

with reliability and validity

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11
Q

Content validity

A

Is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure

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12
Q

Criterion validity

A

predictive validity: refers to whether a test can successfully predict some future behaviour.

Concurrent validity: meaningfully relates to some other measure of behaviour

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13
Q

Interval Scale

A

Each unit increase in the scale is assumed to reflect the same change in the underlying measure.

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13
Q

Construct validity

A

Accurately measures some construct - the operational definition

Convergent validity - yes to other scores related to the construct

Discriminant validity - not to scores unrelated to the construct

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13
Q

Ordinal scale

A

Measurement scale in which the ordering of numbers is meaningful, but the metric (amount) is not.

rankings showing the relative standing of objects or individuals

14
Q

Ratio scales

A

The concepts of order and equal interval are carried over from ordinal and interval scales, but in addition the ratio scale has a zero point

15
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

summarize the data collected from the sample

mean, median (N+1)/2, and mode

variance: range, IQR (Q3-Q1)

standard deviation

15
Q

better to use median than mean when there are

16
Q

Variation is reported when the data represents ______ the standard deviation is reported when the data represents ______

A

the entire population of scores; a sample of scores from the population

17
Q

Type I Error

A

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
chance of this happening are equal to alpha

18
Q

Type II Error

A

You fail to reject H0 but are wrong (there is a statistically significant difference)

Can occur when the measurements are not reliable or aren’t sensitive enough to detect true differences between groups, or you have a small sample size

19
Q

Alpha

A

want to be at least 95% confident that your results are NOT due to chance

20
Q

Effect size

A

reports the size of the differences between groups

21
Power
One hopes to be able to reject H0 The chance of this happening is referred to as the power of the statistical test Inverse relationship with Type II error