(4) Role of Individuals Flashcards
Key Term: Anglicans
Member of Protestant church with Victoria as it’s head
Key Term: Roman Catholic
Believed the Pope was the head of the church and rejected Anglicism
Key Term: Non conformists
Member of Protestant Church who acts independently
Key Term: Presbyterians
A Protestant non conformist group with Calvinist ideas (no Bishops, simple services) based mainly in Scotland
Key Term: Methodists
Protestant non conformist who shared some Presbyterian view and grew in working class during 19th century
Key Term: Secular
Without a religious basis (eg, Military, police or government)
Key Term: Federation
Union of states with a central power, leaving some independence to eternal affairs
Explorers: Reasons for their actions
- sought fame and fortune
- deeper education and scientific factors
Explorers: What they did for others
- opened up interior Africa (dark continent) by publishing findings
- missionaries and traders could Esso and influence through this
David Livingston (explorer) key dates
- had been in Africa for over 10 years
- 1859 began lecturing about his discoveries at Cambridge
David Livingstone (explorer) achievements/ details
- very popular at home, inspiration
- seen as an imperial Martyr who opened up the path for commerce and Christianity
- explores Zambezi River
- Consul of East Coast of Africa
Richard Burton (explorer) Dates
- 1856 explored somaliland
- 1857-9 explored inland of Zanzibar
Richard Burton (explorer) achievements/ details
- 43 volumes of exploration (books)
- wild and dangerous reputation as he wrote essays on pornography, homosexuality and the sexual education of woman
John Speke (Explorer) Dates
- joined Burton’s somaliland exploration to find the source of the Nile
John Speke (Explorer) Achievements/ details
- First to reach late Tanganyika and late Victoria
- conclusions on the source of the note debated by Burton and disputed by men in England
- committed suicide in 1864 before theories were fully debated
John Kirk (Explorer) Dates
- 1868 medical officer in Zanzibar
- diplomat until 1885
John Kirk (Explorer) Achievements/ Details
- ensures Zanzibar was a British client state which was key for trade of clove and ivory, had role in ending slavery
- gave Britain a toe-hold in east coast of Africa
- support of adventure, science and Christian duty
Missionaries: Reasons for involvement in the Empire
- spread Christianity
- mixture of adherence (commitment) and belief of the worthlessness of other religions
Missionaries: How did they spread Christianity
- compounds and set up churches
- offered materials, foods, education and personal advancement (through ‘white mans faith’)
Missionaries: Negative effects
- bases not always successful
- conflict with indigenous people
- conflict of interests with colonial authorities as duties undermined each other
- sometimes aggressive through incisions (attacks)
Amy Carmichael (Missionary)
- based in India
- rescued ‘temple children’ which were young girls in prostitution
- set up orphanages
- Founded Dohnavur Fellowship for child development
Mary Slessor (Missionary)
- lived among Nigerian tribes
- fought to end local tradition of killing twins and often they’re mothers with them as the tradition worked for the devil
Mary Carpenter (Missionary)
- improved female education in India
- encourages colonial policy for improved provision of schools and hospitals
London Missionary Society
- based in South Pacific and Asia
- looked for spread Christianity and grew rapidly
- left mark in Samoa
University Mission to Central Africa
- includes universities such as: Oxford, Cambridge, Durham and Dublin
Livingstone Inland Mission
- spread of the faith in Africa (eg, Congo)
Methodist Mission
- conferences in New Zealand, Australia, Canada
- establishes British rule in Figi in 1874
- conferences in 1882 and 1883 in S Africa
- further set up in China and the West Indies
Traders: importance
- changed imperial attitudes and seemed new markets/ materials
- once commercial success, administration and missionary could follow
- establishes British protectorates with influence in the governments
Cecil Rhodes (Trader)
- Britain was the finest race
- civilise the world
- exemplified British Imperialism
- became wealthy, controlling 9/10s of diamond imports
- chartered companies in S Africa
William Mackinnon (Trader)
- ‘self made’ businessmen
- founded British India Steam Navigation Company
- Founded British East African Company but eventually became bankrupt
- founded the East African Scottish Misión
George Goldie (Trader)
- Palm oil business
- founded Central African Trading Company in 1876
- controlled trading posts in Niger River
- Role in Berlin Conference (1884-85) protectorate over N/S Niger and chartering the Royal Niger Company
Administrators: ‘Men on the Spot’
- high colonial positions, stationed in colonies
- people saw them as ‘running empire’ as colonial office only worked from London
- had freedom for administration
- men who wanted to expand British Imperialism
- some began as explores or traders (Rhodes, Mackinnon, Goldie)
Evelyn Baring (Administrator)
- private secretary to Viceroy of India from 1872-1876
- nicknamed ‘over-baring’
- typical Victorian who was hard working, had idea of Britain being finest race
- 1877 helped Egypt with financial difficulties, ignored
- became consul-general of Egypt in 1883
- passed Dufferin Report which made Egypt ‘Veiled Protectorate’
Bartle Frere (Administrator)
- began in Indian Civil Service which crushed Mutiny in 1857
- chosen carry out plan unite British S Africa and Dutch Boer
- started a war with Zulus which he saw as an obstacle to federation in 1878
- Gladstone against him after British defeat at Isandhlwana in 1879 as he acted recklessly
Similarities between explorers and missionaries
educate indigenous people
Similarities between explorers and traders
Explorers set up links for trades and they searched for new materials
Similarities between explorers and administrators
Explorers often became administrators
Similarities between missionaries and traders
Missionary and traders would follow each other to set up links
Similarities between missionaries and administrators
Sense of superiority (politically and religiously)
Similarities between traders and administrators
Interest in wealth + traders became administrators
Differences between explorers, missionaries, traders and administrators
- ex motivated by curiosity and adventure
- miss motivated by Christianity
- Trad motivated by wealth
- Adm motivated by power + status
