(4) Role of Individuals Flashcards by Jamie Tinniswood

Key Term: Anglicans

Member of Protestant church with Victoria as it’s head

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Key Term: Roman Catholic

Believed the Pope was the head of the church and rejected Anglicism

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Key Term: Non conformists

Member of Protestant Church who acts independently

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Key Term: Presbyterians

A Protestant non conformist group with Calvinist ideas (no Bishops, simple services) based mainly in Scotland

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Key Term: Methodists

Protestant non conformist who shared some Presbyterian view and grew in working class during 19th century

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Key Term: Secular

Without a religious basis (eg, Military, police or government)

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Key Term: Federation

Union of states with a central power, leaving some independence to eternal affairs

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Explorers: Reasons for their actions

sought fame and fortune

- deeper education and scientific factors

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Explorers: What they did for others

opened up interior Africa (dark continent) by publishing findings
missionaries and traders could Esso and influence through this

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David Livingston (explorer) key dates

had been in Africa for over 10 years

- 1859 began lecturing about his discoveries at Cambridge

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David Livingstone (explorer) achievements/ details

very popular at home, inspiration
seen as an imperial Martyr who opened up the path for commerce and Christianity
explores Zambezi River
Consul of East Coast of Africa

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Richard Burton (explorer) Dates

1856 explored somaliland

- 1857-9 explored inland of Zanzibar

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Richard Burton (explorer) achievements/ details

43 volumes of exploration (books)

- wild and dangerous reputation as he wrote essays on pornography, homosexuality and the sexual education of woman

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John Speke (Explorer) Dates

joined Burton’s somaliland exploration to find the source of the Nile

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John Speke (Explorer) Achievements/ details

First to reach late Tanganyika and late Victoria
conclusions on the source of the note debated by Burton and disputed by men in England
committed suicide in 1864 before theories were fully debated

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John Kirk (Explorer) Dates

1868 medical officer in Zanzibar

- diplomat until 1885

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John Kirk (Explorer) Achievements/ Details

ensures Zanzibar was a British client state which was key for trade of clove and ivory, had role in ending slavery
gave Britain a toe-hold in east coast of Africa
support of adventure, science and Christian duty

Missionaries: Reasons for involvement in the Empire

spread Christianity

- mixture of adherence (commitment) and belief of the worthlessness of other religions

Missionaries: How did they spread Christianity

compounds and set up churches

- offered materials, foods, education and personal advancement (through ‘white mans faith’)

Missionaries: Negative effects

bases not always successful
conflict with indigenous people
conflict of interests with colonial authorities as duties undermined each other
sometimes aggressive through incisions (attacks)

Amy Carmichael (Missionary)

based in India
rescued ‘temple children’ which were young girls in prostitution
set up orphanages
Founded Dohnavur Fellowship for child development

Mary Slessor (Missionary)

lived among Nigerian tribes
fought to end local tradition of killing twins and often they’re mothers with them as the tradition worked for the devil

Mary Carpenter (Missionary)

improved female education in India

- encourages colonial policy for improved provision of schools and hospitals

London Missionary Society

based in South Pacific and Asia
looked for spread Christianity and grew rapidly
left mark in Samoa

University Mission to Central Africa

- includes universities such as: Oxford, Cambridge, Durham and Dublin

Livingstone Inland Mission

- spread of the faith in Africa (eg, Congo)

Methodist Mission

- conferences in New Zealand, Australia, Canada - establishes British rule in Figi in 1874 - conferences in 1882 and 1883 in S Africa - further set up in China and the West Indies

Traders: importance

- changed imperial attitudes and seemed new markets/ materials - once commercial success, administration and missionary could follow - establishes British protectorates with influence in the governments

Cecil Rhodes (Trader)

- Britain was the finest race - civilise the world - exemplified British Imperialism - became wealthy, controlling 9/10s of diamond imports - chartered companies in S Africa

William Mackinnon (Trader)

- ‘self made’ businessmen - founded British India Steam Navigation Company - Founded British East African Company but eventually became bankrupt - founded the East African Scottish Misión

George Goldie (Trader)

- Palm oil business - founded Central African Trading Company in 1876 - controlled trading posts in Niger River - Role in Berlin Conference (1884-85) protectorate over N/S Niger and chartering the Royal Niger Company

Administrators: ‘Men on the Spot’

- high colonial positions, stationed in colonies - people saw them as ‘running empire’ as colonial office only worked from London - had freedom for administration - men who wanted to expand British Imperialism - some began as explores or traders (Rhodes, Mackinnon, Goldie)

Evelyn Baring (Administrator)

- private secretary to Viceroy of India from 1872-1876 - nicknamed ‘over-baring’ - typical Victorian who was hard working, had idea of Britain being finest race - 1877 helped Egypt with financial difficulties, ignored - became consul-general of Egypt in 1883 - passed Dufferin Report which made Egypt ‘Veiled Protectorate’

Bartle Frere (Administrator)

- began in Indian Civil Service which crushed Mutiny in 1857 - chosen carry out plan unite British S Africa and Dutch Boer - started a war with Zulus which he saw as an obstacle to federation in 1878 - Gladstone against him after British defeat at Isandhlwana in 1879 as he acted recklessly

Similarities between explorers and missionaries

educate indigenous people

Similarities between explorers and traders

Explorers set up links for trades and they searched for new materials

Similarities between explorers and administrators

Explorers often became administrators

Similarities between missionaries and traders

Missionary and traders would follow each other to set up links

Similarities between missionaries and administrators

Sense of superiority (politically and religiously)

Similarities between traders and administrators

Interest in wealth + traders became administrators

Differences between explorers, missionaries, traders and administrators

- ex motivated by curiosity and adventure - miss motivated by Christianity - Trad motivated by wealth - Adm motivated by power + status