4 pt. 2

Question 1

______
- sets moral standards for right and wrong.

Answer 1

Normative ethics

Question 2

______
- “We should do to others what we would want others to do to us.”

Answer 2

Golden Rule

Question 3

3 Main Approaches of Normative Ethics:

Answer 3

Virtue theories
Duty theories
Consequentialist theories

Question 4

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

______
- Focuses on character development over strict moral rules.

Answer 4

Virtue Theories

Question 5

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

______
- Good habits lead to moral behavior; bad habits (vices) should be avoided.

Answer 5

Virtue Theories

Question 6

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

______
- Rooted in Greek philosophy (Plato, Aristotle).

Answer 6

Virtue Theories

Question 7

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

______
- Plato’s virtues: Wisdom, courage, temperance, justice.

Answer 7

Virtue Theories

Question 8

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

______
- Other virtues: Generosity, sincerity, self-respect.

Answer 8

Virtue Theories

Question 9

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

Virtue Theories

Aristotle’s Perspective on Virtue:

Answer 9

• Virtues balance emotions (e.g., courage between cowardice and rashness).
• Golden Mean: Morality lies between extremes.
• Theological virtues: Faith, hope, charity (added in medieval times).
• Modern revival: MacIntyre (1984) emphasized virtues in social traditions.

Question 10

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

______
- (deontological or nonconsequentialist ethics)

Answer 10

Duty Theories

Question 11

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

______
- morality based on obligations, not consequences.

Answer 11

Duty Theories

Question 12

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

______
- Examples include caring for children and not committing murder.

Answer 12

Duty Theories

Question 13

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

Duty Theories

4 major duty theories:

Answer 13

Pufendorf’s duties
Rights Theory
Kant’s Categorical Imperative
Ross’s Prima Facie Duties

Question 14

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

major duty theories

Pufendorf’s Duty Theory Duties:

Answer 14

Duties to God
Duties to oneself
Duties to others

Question 15

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

major duty theories

Pufendorf’s Duty Theory Duties

______
- Theoretical duty to understand God’s nature.

Answer 15

Duties to God

Question 16

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

major duty theories

Pufendorf’s Duty Theory Duties

______
- Practical duty to worship God both inwardly and outwardly.

Answer 16

Duties to God

Question 17

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

major duty theories

Pufendorf’s Duty Theory Duties

______
- ______: Develop skills and talents.

Answer 17

Duties to oneself, Soul

Question 18

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

major duty theories

Pufendorf’s Duty Theory Duties

______
- ______: Maintain health and avoid self-harm.

Answer 18

Duties to oneself, Body

Question 19

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

major duty theories

Pufendorf’s Duty Theory Duties

______
- ______: Avoid harming others, treat people equally, promote their well-being.

Answer 19

Duties to others, Absolute duties

Question 20

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

major duty theories

Pufendorf’s Duty Theory Duties

______
- ______: Keep promises and fulfill contracts.

Answer 20

Duties to others, Conditional duties

Question 21

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

major duty theories

______
- Rights are natural, universal, equal, and inalienable (cannot be taken away).

Answer 21

Rights Theory (John Locke)

Question 22

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

major duty theories

______
- Natural rights include life, liberty, and property, later influencing the U.S. Declaration of Independence.

Answer 22

Rights Theory (John Locke)

Question 23

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

major duty theories

______
- Rights and duties are linked: If one person has a right, others have a duty to respect it.

Answer 23

Rights Theory (John Locke)

Question 24

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics

major duty theories

______
- Moral duties are based on reason, not personal desires.

Answer 24

Kant’s Categorical Imperative

Question 25

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics major duty theories ______ - "Treat people as an end, never as a means."

Answer 25

Kant’s Categorical Imperative

Question 26

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics major duty theories ______ - Example: Donating to charity respects dignity; stealing treats others as tools.

Answer 26

Kant’s Categorical Imperative

Question 27

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics major duty theories ______ - The Categorical Imperative applies to all moral decisions, including personal actions like avoiding suicide.

Answer 27

Kant’s Categorical Imperative

Question 28

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics major duty theories Ross's Prima Facie Duties - ______ argued that moral duties are part of the fundamental nature of the universe.

Answer 28

W.D. Ross

Question 29

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics major duty theories ______ - Moral conflicts arise when duties clash. Example: If a neighbor asks for his gun in anger, fidelity (returning the gun) conflicts with nonmaleficence (preventing harm).

Answer 29

Ross's Prima Facie Duties

Question 30

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics major duty theories ______ - Ross believes intuition helps us decide which duty is most important in each case.

Answer 30

Ross's Prima Facie Duties

Question 31

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics major duty theories Ross's Prima Facie Duties Key Prima Facie Duties:

Answer 31

Fidelity Reparation Gratitude Justice Beneficence Self-improvement Nonmaleficence

Question 32

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics ______: An action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable.

Answer 32

Consequentialism

Question 33

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics ______ - Is a moral theory that determines the rightness of an action based solely on its consequences, using a cost-benefit analysis to assess whether the favorable outcomes outweigh the unfavorable ones. Also known as a teleological theory, it focuses on the result rather than intuition or duty.

Answer 33

Consequentialism

Question 34

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics Subdivisions of Consequentialism:

Answer 34

Ethical Egoism Ethical Altruism Utilitarianism

Question 35

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics Subdivisions of Consequentialism ______ - an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable only to the agent performing the action.

Answer 35

Ethical Egoism

Question 36

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics Subdivisions of Consequentialism ______ - an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone except the agent

Answer 36

Ethical Altruism

Question 37

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics Subdivisions of Consequentialism ______ - an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone.

Answer 37

Utilitarianism

Question 38

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics Subdivisions of Consequentialism Types of Utilitarianism:

Answer 38

Act-utilitarianism Rule-utilitarianism Hedonistic utilitarianism

Question 39

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics Subdivisions of Consequentialism Types of Utilitarianism ______ - implies that leisure activities are morally wrong if more beneficial alternatives exist, which seems unreasonable. More concerningly, it could justify acts like torture or slavery if they produce greater overall benefit

Answer 39

Act-utilitarianism

Question 40

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics Subdivisions of Consequentialism Types of Utilitarianism ______ - uses a three-tiered approach: specific actions are judged based on moral rules, which in turn are justified by their overall benefits. This prevents moral issues seen in act-utilitarianism, such as justifying harmful acts for social gain.

Answer 40

Rule-utilitarianism

Question 41

Main Approaches of Normative Ethics Subdivisions of Consequentialism Types of Utilitarianism ______ - considers only pleasure and pain in moral assessments, which critics argue is too narrow. Moral values like loyalty and friendship are significant but not always linked to pleasure.

Answer 41

Hedonistic utilitarianism

Question 42

Hobbe's ______ asserts that individuals should act in their own self-interest, considering personal benefit as the ultimate moral standard.

Answer 42

Ethical egoism

Question 43

Hobbe's ______ argues that individuals agree to moral rules for self-preservation, recognizing that a society with enforced rules is safer than one without.

Answer 43

Social contract theory

Question 44

Normative Areas and Assessment:

Answer 44

Ethics Etiquette Law/Rules Religion Aesthetics