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NUT 111AV > 4. Proteins > Flashcards

4. Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Building blocks of protein

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2
Q

What are proteins a great source of for our diet?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Nitrogen
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3
Q

How much energy does protein supply per gram?

A

~4cal/gram

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4
Q

What kinds of things are proteins converted into after consumption?

A

Enzymes, receptors, transporters, peptide hormones, signaling molecules

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5
Q

What body structures do proteins make up?

A

Muscles, hair, skin, nails, integral parts of the bone

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6
Q

What bodily functions and processes are proteins and AAs involved in?

A

Immune health, allergic rxns, cell repair, blood clotting, fluid balance

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7
Q

Type and amount of protein in a slice of bread?

A

LOOKUP

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8
Q

Type and amount of protein in a glass of milk?

A

LOOKUP

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9
Q

Type and amount of protein in a potato?

A

LOOKUP

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10
Q

Type and amount of protein in an egg?

A

LOOKUP

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11
Q

Type and amount of protein in a carrot?

A

LOOKUP

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12
Q

Type and amount of protein in a steak?

A

LOOKUP

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13
Q

Type and amount of protein in coffee?

A

LOOKUP

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14
Q

Type and amount of protein in soda?

A

LOOKUP

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15
Q

Type and amount of protein in an apple?

A

LOOKUP

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16
Q

Describe the structure of an AA.

A
  • Central carbon
  • H atom
  • At least 1 amino group (NH2)
  • At least 1 carboxyl group (COOH)
  • Side chain (R-group)
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17
Q

What makes an AA unique?

A

R-group

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18
Q

Most AAs that make up proteins are what kind of isomers?

A

L-isomers

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19
Q

How many essential AAs are there?

A

9

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20
Q

What happens if you don’t get enough essential AAs in your diet?

A

Protein synthesis will be limited

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21
Q

What does it mean for an AA to be “essential”?

A
  • Body can’t make them
  • Must be supplied by the diet
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22
Q

How many nonessential AAs are there?

A

11

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23
Q

What does it mean for an AA to be “nonessential”?

A

Body can make them from other substrates

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24
Q

How many conditionally essential AAs are there?

A

5

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25
Q

What does it mean for an AA to be “conditionally essential”?

A
  • Must be supplied through the diet under certain metabolic conditions
  • 5 of the 11 nonessential AAs fall into this category
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26
Q

Define deamination.

A

Removal of an amine group from a molecule

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27
Q

Define transamination.

A

Switching of R-groups b/t an AA and an AA carbon skeleton (alpha keto acid)

28
Q

How can AAs be converted to pyruvate and other fuel substrates?

A

By donating their amino group to a keto-acid (transamination)

29
Q

How are peptide bonds formed?

A

Dehydration rxn that joins the amino group of one AA to the carboxyl group of another AA –> water is released

30
Q

What is a dipeptide? Tripeptide? Oligopeptide? Polypeptide?

A
  • Di = 2 AAs bound together?
  • Tri = 3 AAs
  • Oligo = 4-20 AAs
  • Poly = 20-100 AAs
31
Q

What links AAs together?

A

Peptide bonds

32
Q

What are the 2 main stages of protein synthesis?

A
  • Transcription (DNA –> RNA)
  • Translation (RNA –> protein)
33
Q

What makes a protein complete (high quality)?

A

Have all the essential AAs in adequate amounts necessary for the dietary needs of humans

34
Q

What makes branched-chain AAs special?

A

Bypass the liver –> go directly to muscle cells

35
Q

What provides ~50% of the liver’s fuel?

A

AA oxidation

36
Q

Where does protein digestion begin?

A

In the stomach

37
Q

What role does gastrin play in protein digestion? What secretes it?

A
  • Hormone secreted by grastric cells
  • Causes the parietal cells in the stomach to release HCl and gastric juices
38
Q

What is pepsin? Function?

A
  • Protein-digesting enzyme of the stomach
  • Breaks peptide bonds that hold protein molecule together
39
Q

What happens once digested proteins enter the small intestine?

A

Cause the release of secretin and cholecytokinin

40
Q

What does secretin do?

A
  • Inhibits HCl secretion in the stomach
  • Stimulates bicarbonates production from pancreas to neutralize chyme
41
Q

What does cholecystokinin do?

A

Cause the pancreas to release pro enzymes into the small intestine

42
Q

What does it mean for a protein to be “bioactive”?

A

RPeptide sequences that are resistant to proteolytic enzymes

43
Q

What is transcellular endocytosis?

A

A mechanism for transcellular transport in which a cell encloses extracellular material in an invagination of the cell membrane to form a vesicle (endocytosis), then moves the vesicle across the cell to eject the material throuth the opposite cell membrane by the reverse process (exocytosis)

44
Q

What is paracellular transport?

A
  • Gaps b/t enterocytes b/c of inflammation, diseases, parasitic infections –> proteins or peptides can get into circulation
  • Leaky gut syndrome
45
Q

How do the majority of AAs get absorbed into the cell?

A

Through the PEPT1 transporter

46
Q

What determines the fate of proteins once they get to the liver?

A

State of the liver

  • Already fueled
  • Needs fuel
  • Has too much fuel
47
Q

In the liver, what happens if insulin and enough essential AAs are present?

A

Protein synthesis will be more highly activated

48
Q

What happens if the liver needs fuel?

A

AAs can be oxidized into pyruvate

49
Q

What happens to excess AAs in the liver?

A

Stored as fat in adipose tissue

50
Q

What happens when excess proteins are consumed?

A

More AA deamination occurs and ammonia and urea production will be increased

51
Q

What is protein turnover? What do imbalances indicate?

A

Balance b/t protein synthesis and protein degredation

  • More synthesis than breakdown –> anabolic state
  • More breakdown than synthesis –> catabolic state
52
Q

Where does fast protein turnover occur?

A
  • Intestinal cells
  • Immune cells
  • White blood cells
  • Epithelial tissues
53
Q

Where does medium protein turnover occur?

A
  • Muscle cells
  • Skin cells
  • Erythrocytes
54
Q

Where does slow protein turnover occur?

A
  • Brain cells
  • CNS cells
55
Q

What does it mean to be a dead end protein? List them.

A

Not turned over, not recycled

  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Proteins excreted in stool
56
Q

What is leucine? Significance?

A
  • Branched-chain AA
  • Can act as both a substrate and a signal for protein synthesis
57
Q

What are IGFs? Function?

A
  • Insulin-like growth factors
  • Proteins w/ similar structure as insulin
  • Can affect protein synthesis similarly to insulin, but they do not have similar effects on glucose or lipid metabolism
58
Q

What does insulin do in protein synthesis?

A
  • Activates cellular machinery for protein translation from mRNA
  • Deactivates protein catabolism pathways
59
Q

What are the 2 diff organelles through which proteins can be catabolized?

A
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
60
Q

Where does deamination primarily take place?

A

In the liver

61
Q

What % of daily caloric intake should be proteins?

A

10-35%

62
Q

What amount of protein is recommended for adults per pound per day?

A

0.37 g per lbs body weight = 0.8 g per kg body weight

63
Q

What types of people need more protein in their diets?

A
  • Growing, young children
  • Pregnant woman
  • Active adults
64
Q

What are the consequences of protein and AA deficiency?

A
  • Can’t make proper enzymes, receptors, transporters, peptide hormones, signaling molecules
  • Fatty liver –> can’t make apoproteins, so lipids can’t effectively leave liver in VLDLs
  • Impairment of immune health, cell repair, blood clotting, and fluid balance
  • Loss of quality of muscles, skin, hair, nails
  • Potential issues w/neurotransmission
  • Poor nutrient absorption as intestinal cells become smooth and lose their surface area
65
Q

What is Kwashiorkor? Cause? Symptoms?

A
  • Occurs from too little total protein or from intake of poor quality protein
  • Adequate calories in diet w/ insufficient protein
  • Presents as:
    • Edema of the belly region
    • Fatty liver from limited apoprotein production
    • Unhealthy skin and hair
    • Poor immune function
66
Q

What is Marasmus? Cause? Symptoms? Who is most susceptible?

A
  • Occurs from too little protein and calories int he diet
  • Often occurs concurrently w/ other deficiencies
  • Infants and toddlers are most susceptible
  • Presents as being unhealthily skinny w/ little muscle or fat

NUT 111AV (5 decks)

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