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NUT 111AV > 3. Lipids > Flashcards

3. Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fat-like molecules that do not have the ability to dissolve in water

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2
Q

Type and amount of lipids in a slice of bread

A

LOOKUP

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3
Q

Type and amount of lipids in a glass of whole milk

A

LOOKUP

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4
Q

Type and amount of lipids in a potato

A

LOOKUP

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5
Q

Type and amount of lipids in an egg

A

LOOKUP

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6
Q

Type and amount of lipids in pasta

A

LOOKUP

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7
Q

Type and amount of lipids in a carrot

A

LOOKUP

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8
Q

Type and amount of lipids in a steak

A

LOOKUP

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9
Q

Type and amount of lipids in coffee

A

LOOKUP

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10
Q

Type and amount of lipids in soda

A

LOOKUP

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11
Q

Type and amount of lipids in an apple

A

LOOKUP

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12
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A
  • Supply energy (9 cal/gram)
  • Precursors to steroid hormones
  • Provide cell structure, lipid bilayers
  • Cushion organs and joints from shock and damage
  • Temp regulation and insulation
  • Assist w/ nutrient absorption
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13
Q

What lipid is a precursor to steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

List the steroid hormones.

A
  • Testosterone
  • Estrogen
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15
Q

List the types of simple lipids.

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Acylglycerols
  • Waxes
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16
Q

What is an acylglycerol? Through what rxn is it formed?

A

A fatty acid bound to a glycerol via a condensation rxn formoing ester bonds

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17
Q

List the types of waxes.

A
  • Sterol esters
  • Nonsterol esters
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18
Q

List the types of compound lipids.

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Glycolipids
  • Lipoproteins
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19
Q

List the types of phospholipids.

A
  • Phosphatidic acids
  • Plasmalogens
  • Sphingomyelins
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20
Q

What is the most simple form of a lipid?

A

Fatty acids

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21
Q

What is a triacylglycerol? Function?

A
  • aka triglyceride
  • 3 fatty acids bound to glycerol
  • How fat is stored in our cells
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22
Q

What type of structure do sterols and steroids have?

A

Ring structure

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23
Q

What are phospholipids composed of?

A
  • Contain a diglyceride, phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule
  • Have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
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24
Q

How many carbons can fatty acids have?

A

4-26 carbons

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25
Q

Describe the structure of fatty acids.

A

Hydrocarbon chain terminating with a carboxylic acid group

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26
Q

What categories are fatty acids classified into?

A
  • Saturated
  • Unsaturated
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27
Q

Describe the structure of a saturated fatty acid.

A

Chain of carbons that are fully saturated w/ H atoms

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28
Q

Describe the structure of unsaturated fatty acids.

A
  • Chain of carbon atoms that are not all fully saturated w/ H atoms
  • Form on or more C=C double bonds
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29
Q

What categories can unsaturated fatty acids be classified into?

A
  • Monosaturated: only have 1 C=C double bond
  • Polyunsaturated: have more than 1 C=C double bond
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30
Q

What are the most common dietary sources of saturated fatty acids? How many carbons does each have?

A
  • Palmitic acid (16C)
  • Stearic acid (18C)
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31
Q

What are the most prevalent unsaturated fatty acids in the American diet?

A
  • Linoleic acid
  • Oleic acid
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32
Q

What are trans fats? Health risks?

A

Unsaturated fats that can occur naturally, but are usually created artificially in foods

  • Can raise cholesterol levels
  • Negatively affect CV disease
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33
Q

What types of foods have oleic acid in high amounts?

A
  • Olive oil
  • Avocados
  • Breast milk
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34
Q

Cis vs. Trans form in fatty acids

A
  • Trans fatty acids have a linear structure similary to saturated fatty acids
    • H’s on either side of C=C bond are on opposite sides
  • Cis fatty acids have a kink in their carbon chain
    • H’s on either side of the C=C bond are on the same side
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35
Q

Describe the delta system for fatty acid nomenclature.

A
  • Includes C length, # of double bonds, and positions of all double bonds counted from delta side (carboxylic acid end)
  • ”(# carbons in chain) : (# double bonds) delta (# carbon where double bond occurs)”
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36
Q

Describe the omega system for fatty acid nomenclature.

A
  • Includes C length, # of double bonds, and position of 1st double bond counted from omega (methyl) end
  • ”(# carbons) : (# double bonds) omega (# carbon where 1st double bond occurs)”
37
Q

Name this fatty acid using both the delta system and omega system.

A
  • Delta: “18:3 delta 9, 12, 15”
  • Omega: “18:3 omega 3”
38
Q

How many carbons does myristic acid have? How many double bonds?

A
  • 14 carbonds
  • 0 double bonds b/c saturated
39
Q

What are the main essential fatty acids? What makes them essential?

A

Must be consumed in the diet b/c the body can’t make fatty acids w/ C=C bonds at carbon 3 or 6

  • Linoleic acid
  • Alpha linolenic acid
40
Q

How many carbons and double bonds does linoleic acid have?

A
  • 18 carbonds
  • 2 double bonds
41
Q

How many carbons and double bonds does alpha linolenic acid have?

A
  • 18 carbons
  • 3 double bonds
42
Q

What are the benefits of Omega-3 fatty acids?

A
  • Help w/ CVD
  • Brain health
  • Prevents inflammation and arthritis
43
Q

What percent of the brain is fat?

A

60%

44
Q

What is a monoglyceride? Diglyceride? Triglyceride?

A
  • Monoglyceride: 1 fatty acid bound to glycerol
  • Diglyceride: 2 fatty acids bound to glycerol
  • Triglyceride: 3 fatty acids bound to glycerol
45
Q

What occurs during a dehydration rxn?

A

A hydrogen from the hydroxyl group of the glycerol molecule and a hydroxyl group fron the carboxyl side of the fatty acid join to form an ester bond and H2O is released

46
Q

In what forms do triglycerides exist? What does the form depend on?

A

Fats or oils depending on nature of fatty acid components

47
Q

Melting point, form at room temp: saturated vs. unsaturated fats

A
  • Saturated fats: higher mp; more likely to be solid at room temp
  • Unsaturated fats: lower mp, more likely to be liquid at room temp
48
Q

What is cholesterol? Source? Function?

A
  • An animal sterol obtained from animal sources
  • Component of cell membranes
  • Precursor for steroids
49
Q

What are phytosterols? How many are there in nature?

A
  • Plant sterols
  • Over 200 in nature
50
Q

Do plants contain any cholesterol?

A

No

51
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

Major component of cell membranes b/c they form lipid bilayers

52
Q

What is a phosphatidylcholine?

A

A phospholipid w/ a cholin attached

53
Q

What is a phosphatidylserine?

A

A phospholipid w/ a serine attached

54
Q

How does cholesterol benefit phospholipid bilayers?

A
  • Helps strengthen bilayer
  • Decreases permeability
  • Regulates activity of certain membrane proteins
55
Q

What does lingual lipase do? Where is it located?

A
  • In the mouth
  • Hydrolyzes the short-chain saturated fatty acids on triglycerides such as those in palm oil, coconut and mother’s milk
56
Q

What does gastric lipase do? Where is it located?

A
  • In the stomach
  • Hydrolyzes the medium and long-chain triglycerides
57
Q

List the acidic lipases. Characteristics?

A
  • Lingual and gastric lipases
  • Don’t need bile or colipase to function
  • Need a certain low pH to work
  • Can only cleave 1 FFA from a triglyceride
58
Q

What is a pancreatic lipase? Function?

A
  • Alkaline lipase that needs bile and colipase to function properly
  • Works at higher pH levels
  • Can hydrolyze ester bonds in triglycerides to monoglycerides + 2 FFA
59
Q

What % of triglyceride digestion do lingual and gastric lipases account for? Pancreatic lipase?

A
  • Lingual and gastric lipases = 30%
  • Pancreatic lipase = 70%
60
Q

What are bile salts? Function?

A
  • Act as emulsifier of lipids (makes fat droplets smaller and more water soluble)
  • Ampiphatic (have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups)
61
Q

What are micelles?

A

Smaller fat droplets that have been coated in phospholipids and bile salts

62
Q

What do micelles contain to increase its surface area? Significance?

A
  • Contain the products of partial lipid digestion (monoglycerides, fatty acids, cholesterol) combined w/ bile salts
  • Aids digestion b/c pancreatic lipase (fat-digesting enzyme) can only act on the surface of the fat droplet
63
Q

What is pancreatic lipase? Function?

A

Fat-digesting enzyme that will cleave fatty acids off of triglycerides –> results in FFA and monoglycerides

64
Q

What is cholesterol esterase? Function?

A

An enzyme that will de-esterify (remove the fatty acid from) cholesterol esters

65
Q

What does phospholipase A2 do?

A

Digests phospholipids

66
Q

What are the digestive products of lipids?

A

FFAs and monoglycerides

67
Q

What is lipoprotein lipase? Function?

A

Enzyme released from enterocytes that can break down micelles and cause them to release their lipid contents

68
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum? Function?

A

A system inside the cell whose functions include synthesis and transport of lipids

69
Q

What makes fat absorption different than protein and carb absorption?

A
  • Fats are reformed into triglycerides in the ER
  • Fats enter lymphatic system
70
Q

What is a chylomicron? Where are they made? Function?

A
  • A type of lipoprotein that has a phospholipid monolayer
  • Made in the enterocytes of the small intestine
  • Transports exogenous (outside the body; from food) dietary lipids (triglycerides) from small intestine to the liver and other tissues
71
Q

What is the main apoprotein on a nascent chylomicron?

A

ApoB48

72
Q

What are the functions of apoproteins?

A
  • Bind and stabilize lipid molecules into a lipoprotein particles
  • Transport lipids through the lymphatic and circulatory systems
  • Associated w/ and modulate activity of enymes that process lipids
  • Serve a ligands for specific receptors that mediate lipoprotein clearance by endocytosis
73
Q

What is ApoB48? Where is it produced? Function?

A

Produced in the intestine, where it is necessary for the formation of chylomicrons

74
Q

What does VLDL stand for? Function of both?

A
  • VLDL: very low density lipoprotein
  • Transport endogenous lipids (triglycerides) from liver to body cells
75
Q

What is the largest and least dense of all the lipoproteins? Why?

A

Chylomicrons b/c they are the most full of triglycerides (less dense than proteins)

76
Q

What does LDL stand for? Function?

A
  • Low density lipoprotein
  • Transports cholesterol from liver to body cells
77
Q

What does HDL stand for? Function?

A
  • High density lipoprotein
  • Transports cholesterol from body cells to liver
78
Q

What makes lipoprotein more dense?

A

Contains more protein that triglycerides

79
Q

Describe the pathway of chylomicrons throughout the body.

A
  1. Nascent cholymicrons bypass liver circulation and are drained via the thoracic duct into the bloodstream
  2. In blood stream, nascent chylomicrons pick up apoproteins from HDL –> now considered “mature” chylomicrons
  3. Chylomicrons drop off their triglycerides in tissues and return to the liver as chylomicron “remnants” –> repackaged as VLDLs and returns to circulation
    • Arterial epithelial cells secretes lipoprotein lipase that can breakdown the phospholipid shell of VLDLs to release their lipid contents into the blood
  4. Repackaged as IDL –> goes back to liver
    • can be recycled or stay in circulation to release cholesterol into extrahepatic cells
  5. Repackaged in liver as HDL –> take cholesterol back to liver
80
Q

How can LDLs enter arterial cells? Significance?

A
  • If LDL particles are small enough or if artery wall is damaged
  • Can form plaque and clog arteries
81
Q

What is reverse cholesterol transport? Significance?

A

HDL takes cholesterol that has been deposited in the arterial wall back into circulation –> slows down plaque formation

82
Q

What is the role of the liver in lipid metabolism?

A
  • Synthesizes bile salts
  • Synthesizes lipoproteins
  • Synthesizes new lipids from non-lipid precursors (lipogenesis)
83
Q

What is the role of adipose tissue in lipid metabolism?

A
  • Absorbs triglycerides and cholesterol from chylomicrons through lipoprotein lipase
  • Stores triglycerides
84
Q

What is the role of insulin in lipid metabolism?

A
  • Helps get circulating FFAs into cells by activating lipoprotein lipase
  • Turns on enzymes in adipocytes to increase triglyceride synthesis and storage
  • Turns off enzymes that are involved in triglyceride breakdown
  • Accelerates the influx of glucose into adipocytes, which can then be converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides
85
Q

What hormones are released during a fasted state?

A
  • Glucagon
  • Catabolic hormones (epinephrine, thyroid hormones, growth hormone, glucocorticoids)
86
Q

Describe lipid metabolism in a fasted state.

A
  • Decreased insulin activates hormone sensitive lipase
  • Increases rate of lypolysis
  • Releases fatty acids into circulation
  • Fatty acids are taken up by the liver and muscles and oxidized for energy
87
Q

What does the liver do during a fasted state?

A

Makes ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA to use for brain and muscle fuel during starvation states

88
Q
A

NUT 111AV (5 decks)

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