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POM > 4 Principles Lecture > Flashcards

4 Principles Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is a frame?

  • foregrounding?
  • backgrounding?
A
  • how we analyze situations

foregrounding: focusing on specific aspects of a situation
backgrounding: removing other aspects of the situation

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2
Q

What is the idea of principlism?

A
  • A way of making sure that all moral and ethical issues are addressed by paying attention to the different issues
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3
Q

Tom Beauchamp

A

Wrote Belmont Report: Wrote an ethical guide for human subject research

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4
Q

What did Tom Beauchamp and James Childress write?

A
  • 1st Edition of the Principles of Biomedical ethics
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5
Q

What are the 4 principles of the Georgetown Mantra (one of the most used texts in bioethics)?

A
  • beneficence
  • non-maleficence
  • justice
  • autonomy
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6
Q

What works exemplify principlism? (4)

A
  • Belmont report
  • Beauchamp and Childress’ Principles of biomedical ethics
  • The georgetown mantra
  • common morality
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7
Q

What are some of the strengths/weaknesses of the 4 principles and common morality? (6)

A
  • non-systematic
  • non-algorithmic
  • prima facie
  • appeal to consensus
  • abstract
  • ethnocentric?
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8
Q

What are the 3 foci when talking about morality?

A
  • actor
  • action
  • consequence
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9
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A
  • founding father of utalitarianism/consequentialism
  • Embraced the idea that we live our life dictated by pain and pleasure and that which is good (and therefore moral) is maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain for the maximum number of people
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10
Q

John Stuart Mill

A
  • Noted for recognition of higher and lower pleasures

- evaluated repercussions and gave an almost mathematical way of pursuing good and bad

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11
Q

What are the primary questions of utalitarianism/consequentialism? (2)

A
  • What are the intrinsic goods of life?

- How do we maximize happiness in the world and produce the best outcomes?

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12
Q

Utalitarianism recognizes the need for the _______ to take preference over _______

A
  • the common good
  • self interests
    ex: Debter’s prison
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13
Q

How would a utalitarianistic mind decide what’s right or wrong?

A
  • predict how much happiness (since it can be quantified) will be gained from each fo the options in confronting the scenario and the one that maximizes the happiness for the most people is correct
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14
Q

Rule utalitarianism

A

when utility is optimized by establishing rules

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15
Q

What are the drawbacks to consequentialism? (3)

A
  • you can’t predict what will actually happen
  • you dont know if something will lead to the good consequences you want
  • can you ignore someone else’s rights to give someone else a greater amount of pleasure?
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16
Q

How does Utalitarianism translate to the physician patient relationship?

A
  • special status because the health care professional must attempt to advance the PATIENTS good
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17
Q

Immanual Kant

A
  • The founding father of deontology

- Pure reason–it is the basis of human dignity

18
Q

What are the staples of deontology?

A
  • recognizes the world is governed by universal and impersonal laws
  • we can manipulate those laws to achieve an end AND make our own laws because we are autonomous
  • each person has strict duties and if you don’t fulfill them this is morally wrong
19
Q

Based on deontologic thinking, the rightness or wrongness of an act is determined by ______

A

motivation for that act

20
Q

According to deontology, people can live their lives one of what 2 ways?

A
  • heteronomously (other law)

- autonomously (self law)

21
Q

Kant’s Categorical Imperative

A

Golden Rule

  • act in a way representative of what you would like to see as universal law
  • treat humanity only as an ends and never only a means
  • act as if you were the person making the rules of the universe
22
Q

What is immoral according to deontology?

A
  • Manipulating laws in order to manipulate others and having them do what you want, thus violating them by treating them like an object and using them as “human shields”
  • this is immoral because by doing this you are saying that others could do that to you
23
Q

W.D. Ross

A

Prima Facie
- “First face” duties: duties that we are obligated to conflict with one another so we must choose what is most important by articulating the reasons for its importance

24
Q

How does deontology fit into the physician-patient relationship?

A
  • Respect for autonomy: it is ethically mandatory to respect others autonomy as well as our own
  • if a patient’s autonomous decision conflicts with your moral positions you must decide why it conflicts and then act in a certain way
  • must work through it in terms of autonomy, beneficence and justice
25
Q

Who is the founder of Virtue Theory?

A
  • Aristotle
26
Q

What are the primary questions concerning virtue theory?

A
  • What kind of person should I be in life?

- What kind of community do I want to help build?

27
Q

What are the “excellences” of virtue theory?

A
  • cardinal virtues
  • intellectual virtues
  • spiritual virtues
28
Q

What are the cardinal virtues?

A
  • courage
  • temperance
  • fortitude
  • justice
29
Q

What are the intellectual virtues?

A
  • artistic

- prudence

30
Q

What are the theological virtues?

A
  • charity
  • faith
  • hope
31
Q

What are the primary concerns of virtue theory?

A
  • the “excellences”
  • character
  • goal in life
  • moral education through emulation of role models
32
Q

In what way is virtue theory more complex than following a rule?

A
  • we need to be courageous but also know where you are in your learning and be able to say when you don’t feel comfortable with something or need more practice
33
Q

Pelligrino

A
  • Came up with Beneficence-in-Trust as a component of virtue ethics
34
Q

Beneficence-in-Trust

A

deciding with the patient

35
Q

What must there be a balance between when the patient is deciding on a treatment?

A
  • paternalism

- abandonment

36
Q

Pluralism

A
  • multiple conceptions of what is good and what constitutes a good life
  • knowing whats meaningful can change depending on circumstances
  • you may know right things but not how they all interrelate
37
Q

Justice

A

treating equals equally and unequals unequally

38
Q

In 2 words what are the criteria by which we can judge people to be equal vs. unequal?

A
  • material principles
39
Q

John Rawls

A

We ignorantly choose a system that gives the most basic rights and allows inequalities only if they benefit the least advantaged

40
Q

Primary goods

A

goods that everyone requires to pursue other goods

41
Q

How does justice (and therefore virtue ethics?) play into the physician-patient role?

A
  • we must understand that everyone has basic rights to non-interference but there are also basic rights of people and we all need to exercise our autonomy

POM (3 decks)

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