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Small Ruminant Husbandry and Medicine > 4: Perinatal period in ewes and does > Flashcards

4: Perinatal period in ewes and does Flashcards

1
Q

Why do you add xylazine to an epidural?

A

More prolonged activity

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2
Q

How long does an epidural last?

A

2 hours

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3
Q

Which joint do you aim for when giving an epidural?

A

Most mobile joint at the base of the tail

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4
Q

Which angle do you aim for in an epidural?

A

90 degrees to spine, or 30 degrees to horizontal

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5
Q

Why do cows strain following a prolapse?

A

Bent urethra so cannot urinate

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6
Q

What can you do if you can’t replace a rectal prolapse?

A

Amputate

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7
Q

How can you hold a rectal prolapse while attempting reduction?

A

Using spinal needles

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8
Q

What % of body weight is intake?

A

2.1%

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9
Q

What do hypoCa signs relate to?

A

Muscular weakness

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10
Q

What are some signs of hypoCa?

A

Weak reflexes, constipation, shallow breaths, ruminal atony

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11
Q

What is glucose like in pregnancy toxaemia?

A

Low

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12
Q

Why do you see brain signs like central blindness and depression in pregnancy toxaemia?

A

Brain only uses glucose

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13
Q

What happens to pregnancy toxaemia as it progresses?

A

Looks more similar to hypoCa

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14
Q

What happens to responses in hypoMg?

A

Hyperresponsive

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15
Q

What are constipation and reduced muscle tone like in hypoMg?

A

None

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16
Q

What do you test for if in doubt?

A

All

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17
Q

At what points can goats get ketosis?

A

Pregnancy and lactation

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18
Q

What is a sign of ketosis in goats that sheep don’t get?

A

Subcutaneous oedema in lower limbs

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19
Q

Is pain more noticable in goats or sheep?

A

Goats

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20
Q

What are 6 conditions when a caesarean is required?

A

Prolapse whilst lambing, ringwomb for over 10 mins, monsters, oversized lambs, goat dystocia

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21
Q

How do you tell the difference between toxaemia and septicaemia?

A

Mucous membrane, foul discharge etc

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22
Q

What does poor quality silage look like?

A

Lots of stems, spoiled, shows sorting by ewes

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23
Q

What is increased in twin lamb disease?

A

BHB

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24
Q

What is % recovery in pregnancy toxaemia?

A

50%

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25
Q

How do you prevent pregnancy toxaemia?

A

Improve forage, give mineral buckets, give concentrates 2x/day, flukicide, fresh water

26
Q

How do you treat pregnancy toxaemia?

A

80ml warmed CMD under skin, molasses, twin lamb drench, propylene glycol, multivitamin, metacam

27
Q

Below what rumen pH can cellulose not be digested?

A

6

28
Q

How often should you give concentrates a day?

A

2-3x per day, not all at once

29
Q

What is the maximum % dry matter the concentrates should be?

A

60%

30
Q

When do you give booster for clostridial disease and pasteurellosis?

A

4-6 weeks before lambing

31
Q

What is mastitis like in sheep and goats compared to cattle?

A

Worse

32
Q

What grade is mastitis in sheep and goats?

A

3 - sudden onset, systemically unwell

33
Q

What does peracute mastitis look like?

A

Gangrenous - red/blue/black udder, red discharge and secretion, necrosis

34
Q

What is prognosis in peracute mastitis?

A

Poor-guarded

35
Q

How do you treat peracute mastitis?

A

Antibiotics esp macrolides, fluid therapy, NSAIDs, stripping, oxytocin

36
Q

What do you give macrolides in mastitis?

A

Large Vd

37
Q

When is chronic mastitis often detected?

A

At weaning, or lamb not growing

38
Q

What is the ewe like in chronic mastitis?

A

Systemically well

39
Q

What is the udder like in chronic mastitis?

A

Abscesses and scar tissue

40
Q

Why do you cull chronic mastitis cases?

A

Reduced production and function

41
Q

What do you do if the chronic mastitis is superficial?

A

Lance and flush

42
Q

What is the zoonotic risk from chronic mastitis?

A

Staph aureus

43
Q

What can chronic mastitis especially cause production problems with?

A

Cheese

44
Q

What are somatic cel counts like in sheep and goats?

A

Unreliable in goats as they rise in late lactation anyway, less reliable in sheep than cattle

45
Q

What other test can you do to detect inflammatory cells?

A

California milk test

46
Q

In ewes and does, which bacteria are 80% of mastitis cases due to?

A

M haemolytica and S aureus

47
Q

Which bacteria usually cause chronic mastitis?

A

S aureus or T pyogenes

48
Q

Why is mastitis more severe than in cattle?

A

More leukotoxic than in cattle

49
Q

What is the usual cause of mastitis in dairy animals?

A

S aureus

50
Q

What is the usual cause of subclinical mastitis in dairy animals?

A

S epidermidis or S caprae

51
Q

Which stage of lactation is the biggest mastitis risk?

A

1-3 weeks or 8 weeks

52
Q

Why can Orf cause mastitis?

A

Damages lypmhoid cells of teats

53
Q

Which deficiency can cause mastitis?

A

Vit E/Se

54
Q

Which two factors of the milking machine can cause mastitis?

A

Worn teat liners, milking machine pulsation/pressure

55
Q

What can you vaccinate against mastitis?

A

S aureus

56
Q

What are five causes of agalactia?

A

MV/CAE, previous mastitis, poor condition or aborted, “hard udder”, contagious agalactia

57
Q

What does MV/CAE cause in the udder?

A

Bilateral indurative mastitis (increased SCC)

58
Q

What causes “hard udder”?

A

Unknown

59
Q

Which agalactia cause is notifiable?

A

Contagious agalactia

60
Q

What can cause failure of milk letdown?

A

Nervousness or lambed early

61
Q

How can you treat failure of milk letdown?

A

Try oxytocin, keep with lamb or kid for several days to encourage them to suck

Small Ruminant Husbandry and Medicine (12 decks)

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