4: Perinatal period in ewes and does Flashcards
Why do you add xylazine to an epidural?
More prolonged activity
How long does an epidural last?
2 hours
Which joint do you aim for when giving an epidural?
Most mobile joint at the base of the tail
Which angle do you aim for in an epidural?
90 degrees to spine, or 30 degrees to horizontal
Why do cows strain following a prolapse?
Bent urethra so cannot urinate
What can you do if you can’t replace a rectal prolapse?
Amputate
How can you hold a rectal prolapse while attempting reduction?
Using spinal needles
What % of body weight is intake?
2.1%
What do hypoCa signs relate to?
Muscular weakness
What are some signs of hypoCa?
Weak reflexes, constipation, shallow breaths, ruminal atony
What is glucose like in pregnancy toxaemia?
Low
Why do you see brain signs like central blindness and depression in pregnancy toxaemia?
Brain only uses glucose
What happens to pregnancy toxaemia as it progresses?
Looks more similar to hypoCa
What happens to responses in hypoMg?
Hyperresponsive
What are constipation and reduced muscle tone like in hypoMg?
None
What do you test for if in doubt?
All
At what points can goats get ketosis?
Pregnancy and lactation
What is a sign of ketosis in goats that sheep don’t get?
Subcutaneous oedema in lower limbs
Is pain more noticable in goats or sheep?
Goats
What are 6 conditions when a caesarean is required?
Prolapse whilst lambing, ringwomb for over 10 mins, monsters, oversized lambs, goat dystocia
How do you tell the difference between toxaemia and septicaemia?
Mucous membrane, foul discharge etc
What does poor quality silage look like?
Lots of stems, spoiled, shows sorting by ewes
What is increased in twin lamb disease?
BHB
What is % recovery in pregnancy toxaemia?
50%
How do you prevent pregnancy toxaemia?
Improve forage, give mineral buckets, give concentrates 2x/day, flukicide, fresh water
How do you treat pregnancy toxaemia?
80ml warmed CMD under skin, molasses, twin lamb drench, propylene glycol, multivitamin, metacam
Below what rumen pH can cellulose not be digested?
6
How often should you give concentrates a day?
2-3x per day, not all at once
What is the maximum % dry matter the concentrates should be?
60%
When do you give booster for clostridial disease and pasteurellosis?
4-6 weeks before lambing
What is mastitis like in sheep and goats compared to cattle?
Worse
What grade is mastitis in sheep and goats?
3 - sudden onset, systemically unwell
What does peracute mastitis look like?
Gangrenous - red/blue/black udder, red discharge and secretion, necrosis
What is prognosis in peracute mastitis?
Poor-guarded
How do you treat peracute mastitis?
Antibiotics esp macrolides, fluid therapy, NSAIDs, stripping, oxytocin
What do you give macrolides in mastitis?
Large Vd
When is chronic mastitis often detected?
At weaning, or lamb not growing
What is the ewe like in chronic mastitis?
Systemically well
What is the udder like in chronic mastitis?
Abscesses and scar tissue
Why do you cull chronic mastitis cases?
Reduced production and function
What do you do if the chronic mastitis is superficial?
Lance and flush
What is the zoonotic risk from chronic mastitis?
Staph aureus
What can chronic mastitis especially cause production problems with?
Cheese
What are somatic cel counts like in sheep and goats?
Unreliable in goats as they rise in late lactation anyway, less reliable in sheep than cattle
What other test can you do to detect inflammatory cells?
California milk test
In ewes and does, which bacteria are 80% of mastitis cases due to?
M haemolytica and S aureus
Which bacteria usually cause chronic mastitis?
S aureus or T pyogenes
Why is mastitis more severe than in cattle?
More leukotoxic than in cattle
What is the usual cause of mastitis in dairy animals?
S aureus
What is the usual cause of subclinical mastitis in dairy animals?
S epidermidis or S caprae
Which stage of lactation is the biggest mastitis risk?
1-3 weeks or 8 weeks
Why can Orf cause mastitis?
Damages lypmhoid cells of teats
Which deficiency can cause mastitis?
Vit E/Se
Which two factors of the milking machine can cause mastitis?
Worn teat liners, milking machine pulsation/pressure
What can you vaccinate against mastitis?
S aureus
What are five causes of agalactia?
MV/CAE, previous mastitis, poor condition or aborted, “hard udder”, contagious agalactia
What does MV/CAE cause in the udder?
Bilateral indurative mastitis (increased SCC)
What causes “hard udder”?
Unknown
Which agalactia cause is notifiable?
Contagious agalactia
What can cause failure of milk letdown?
Nervousness or lambed early
How can you treat failure of milk letdown?
Try oxytocin, keep with lamb or kid for several days to encourage them to suck
