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Small Ruminant Husbandry and Medicine > 2/3: Pregnancy failure and abortion > Flashcards

2/3: Pregnancy failure and abortion Flashcards

1
Q

What % of ewes conceive after each mating?

A

90%

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2
Q

What % of ewe lambs conceive after each mating?

A

50%

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of reduced conception rates, infectious or otherwise?

A

Nutrition (BCS at tupping)

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4
Q

What day do you scan ewes for barren or number?

A

70

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5
Q

With what % accuracy can you identify barren ewes at 70 days?

A

100%

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6
Q

With what % accuracy can you identify number of lambs at 70 days?

A

90-95%

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7
Q

What is the advantage of knowing the number of lambs?

A

Can feed to litter

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8
Q

How do you see early pregnancy failure?

A

Increased barren rate

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9
Q

Why should you always investigate a single case of abortion in a bought-in ewe?

A

Due to EAE risk

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10
Q

Which abortion cases should you always investigate?

A

Single case of a bought-in ewe, multiple cases (over 2%), cluster of abortions

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11
Q

What hormones mediate stress-induced abortions in sheep vs goats?

A

Cortisol in sheep, PGs in goats

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12
Q

What are two reasons a larger litter size can increase pregnancy failure?

A

Placental insufficiency or toxaemia

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13
Q

At what point of pregnancy are more infection outbreaks?

A

The month before lambing

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14
Q

Which animals may the endemic infections be confined to?

A

Younger

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15
Q

Which lesions will show up in the placenta?

A

Toxoplasma, EAE, Q fever

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16
Q

Which lesions will show up in the foetus?

A

Toxoplasma, border disease, Listeria

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17
Q

In which infections is the ewe also ill?

A

Salmonella or Q fever

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of ovine abortion?

A

EAE

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19
Q

What causes EAE?

A

Chlamydia abortus

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20
Q

Is EAE zoonotic?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What can lambs be like in EAE?

A

Aborted, premature, weak live, or normal with infected membranes

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22
Q

What can happen to the ewe following EAE?

A

Retained membranes so metritis

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23
Q

What is a consequence of the ability of EAE to evade the immune response?

A

Low grade asymptomatic infection

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24
Q

What is the life cycle of EAE?

A

Specialised - intra and extracellular phase

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25
Q

What are the two sources of EAE?

A

Infected purchase (80%), or wildlife

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26
Q

How long can EAE particles survive?

A

Weeks at low temps

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27
Q

How is EAE spread from sheep to sheep?

A

Inhalation or ingestion

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28
Q

What will happen if infected with EAE early in pregnancy?

A

Abort

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29
Q

What will happen if infected with EAE later in pregnancy?

A

Reactivates from the latent stage during the NEXT pregnancy

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30
Q

What happens to the lambs that are born from an EAE-infected pregnancy?

A

30% of these will get placentitis or abort in their own first pregnancy

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31
Q

How can you detect ewes/lambs infected with the latent stage?

A

Cannot

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32
Q

How do the lambs get infected with EAE?

A

Uterine discharge on teats, NOT milk

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33
Q

What are the signs a ewe is going to abort from EAE?

A

No signs, but some have vaginal discharge

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34
Q

What does the placenta look like in EAE?

A

Inflamed, thickened, necrosed, placentitis

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35
Q

What do aborted lambs look like in EAE?

A

Normal, not mummified

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36
Q

Where do you take smears from in EAE?

A

Affected cotyledons

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37
Q

Where do you take serology from in EAE?

A

Dam and foetal fluid

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38
Q

How do antibiotics help in EAE?

A

Reduce shedding but abortion will occur despite treatment

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39
Q

Which antibiotics do you give in EAE?

A

Long acting tetracycling

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40
Q

At what stage of pregnancy do you give antibiotics in EAE?

A

95-100 days until lambing

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41
Q

What should you do following an EAE outbreak?

A

Isolate, burn dead, don’t foster, only buy from EAE accredited flocks, consider vaccination

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42
Q

When do you give ENZOVAC for EAE?

A

Live so can’t give when pregnant - so 1-4 months pre-tupping

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43
Q

How long does ENZOVAC last?

A

Two years, but do yearly if high risk and not an accredited flocks

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44
Q

What is the second most common cause of abortion?

A

Toxoplasma

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45
Q

What can the lambs look like in toxoplasma?

A

Aborted, still birth, live but weak

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46
Q

What is toxoplasma like in the ewe or non-pregnant sheep?

A

Mild - a disease of the conceptus

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47
Q

How long can toxoplasma oocysts survive on pasture?

A

Two years

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48
Q

How many toxoplasma oocysts are needed to infect a ewe?

A

200

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49
Q

What happens if a ewe gets toxoplasma after 120 days?

A

Stillborn, weak or normal lambs

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50
Q

What happens if a ewe gets toxoplasma at mid-gestation?

A

Aborts or mummifies

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51
Q

What happens if a ewe gets toxoplasma early (before 60-70 days)?

A

Resorbs and returns to oestrus

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52
Q

What does the placenta look like in toxoplasma?

A

Cotyledons bright red with small white nodules

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53
Q

Other than the placenta, what are the other ways to confirm toxoplasma?

A

Staning, histo, serology

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54
Q

How do you treat Toxoplasma?

A

Monensin, decoquinate, TMPS

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55
Q

How does toxoplasma spread from ewe to ewe?

A

No lateral spread

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56
Q

What should you do with the ewes that have aborted?

A

Retain them as they are immune

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57
Q

What is an advantage of old neutered cats in controlling toxoplasma?

A

Reduce vermin and keep feral cats away

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58
Q

How long does toxoplasma take to cause a febrile response?

A

5-12 days

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59
Q

How long does toxoplasma take to reach uterine caruncles?

A

10 days

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60
Q

How long does toxoplasma take to reach foetal antibodies?

A

30 days

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61
Q

Why should you expose new additions to the flock outside pregnancy to toxoplasma oocysts?

A

Infection outside pregnancy produces good immunity

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62
Q

When do you vaccinate ewe lambs for toxoplasma?

A

5 months

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63
Q

When do you vaccinate ewes for toxoplasma?

A

4 months before tupping

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64
Q

When do you vaccinate pregnant ewes for toxoplasma?

A

Don’t

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65
Q

How long does toxoplasma vaccine protection last?

A

18 months

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66
Q

What are two iatrogenic causes of abortion?

A

Steroids in late pregnancy, PGF2a any time in sheep

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67
Q

What are two toxins that can cause abortion?

A

Heavy metals, careless dip disposal

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68
Q

At what stage of pregnancy can manganese cause abortion?

A

80-100 days

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69
Q

Which concurrent diseases can cause abortion in sheep?

A

Tick borne fever, or liver fluke

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70
Q

What condition in Angora goats can cause abortion?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

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71
Q

What is the third most common cause of abortion in sheep?

A

Campylobacter

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72
Q

Which species cause Campylobacter in sheep?

A

C fetus and C jejuni

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73
Q

How does a symptomless carrier spread Campylobacter?

A

Excretes in faeces, then ingested

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74
Q

How does Campylobacter spread from an affected sheep?

A

Aborts, then lateral spread to susceptible ewes

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75
Q

In which conditions can Campylobacter survive?

A

Cold and moist

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76
Q

At what part of pregnancy do sheep usually abort from Campylobacter?

A

Last 6 weeks

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77
Q

What are lambs born in Campylobacter like?

A

May be stillborn or weak

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78
Q

What are some signs of Campylobacter in the ewe?

A

Vulval swelling and reddish discharge

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79
Q

What may the ewes gets after abortion in Campylobacter?

A

Metritis

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80
Q

Is the aborted material also infected in Campylobacter?

A

Yes

81
Q

What happens if infected with Campylobacter before 3 months?

A

Not affected

82
Q

What happens if infected with Campylobacter after 3 months?

A

Bacteraemia, placentitis, then abort 1-3 weeks later

83
Q

What % abortion can you get in a flock following first-time Campylobacter infection?

A

5-50%

84
Q

How long does immunity to Campylobacter last?

A

Strong, serotype specific immunity for 3 years

85
Q

How long can symptomless carriers excrete Campylobacter?

A

18 months

86
Q

What does the placenta look like in Campylobacter?

A

Oedema and necrosis of cotyledons

87
Q

What does the foetus look like in Campylobacter?

A

Fresh - but characteristic necrotic 1-2cm foci in the liver

88
Q

Which age ewes in Campylobacter most common in?

A

Young, or old ones which have lost immunity

89
Q

What can you stain to diagnose Campylobacter?

A

Placenta or foetal stomach contents

90
Q

Where can you culture Campylobacter from?

A

Placenta, foetal stomach contents or liver

91
Q

How useful is serology in Campylobacter?

A

Unhelpful

92
Q

What should you do if you suspect Campylobacter?

A

Isolate, and give antibiotics if extensive lateral spread

93
Q

How can you stimulate immunity to Campylobacter in the flock?

A

Mix aborted ewes with those already lambed

94
Q

What are some ways to prevent Campylobacter in the flock?

A

Prevent birds getting to troughs, keep flock closed, mix brought-in sheep with residents for immunity, then separate in late pregnancy

95
Q

Is there a vaccine for Campylobacter?

A

No

96
Q

Which Salmonella serotypes cause abortion?

A

Abortusovis, typhimurium, dublin, montevideo

97
Q

How can you get exotic strains of Salmonella?

A

If fed on imported protein

98
Q

How do ewes contract Salmonella?

A

Many sources - ingest contaminated food and water

99
Q

What happens if infected with Salmonella in early pregnancy?

A

May be barren

100
Q

What happens if infected with Salmonella in late pregnancy?

A

Aborted, stillborn or weak lambs

101
Q

What are affected ewes like in Salmonella?

A

Often ill - catastrophic losses

102
Q

What can happen to ewes that recover from Salmonella?

A

Symptomless carriers

103
Q

What are systemic signs like in S abortus or montevideo?

A

Few

104
Q

What stage of pregnancy does abortion occur in S abortus?

A

Last 6 weeks

105
Q

In which Salmonella species are symptomless carriers a problem?

A

S abortus

106
Q

What do lambs look like following S abortusovis?

A

Either born weak and die in a few hours, or born healthy and die in the first ten days

107
Q

Where is S montevideo a problem?

A

SE Scotland

108
Q

Which Salmonella species could become endemic?

A

Montevideo

109
Q

Which Salmonella species may involve seabirds?

A

montevideo

110
Q

What is severity of montevideo like compared to typhimurium or dublin?

A

Less

111
Q

Do lambs born alive in montevideo have diarrhoea?

A

No

112
Q

What precedes S typhimurium disease?

A

Stress

113
Q

What are ewes like in S typhirmurium?

A

Anorxia, pyrexia above 41, scour, foul vaginal discharge, tehn die from septicaemia or dehydration in 6-9 days

114
Q

What are lambs like in S typhirmurium?

A

Born dead, but if alive have severe illness and high mortality

115
Q

Is S dublin or typhimurium more severe?

A

Typhimurium

116
Q

Which is the only Salmonella that is not zoonotic?

A

Abortusovis

117
Q

What are some signs a ewe had Salmonella?

A

Scouring, pyrexic, foul vaginal discharge

118
Q

What do labs born alive with salmonella die of?

A

Septicaemia or pneumonia

119
Q

What can you culture to diagnose Salmonella?

A

Foetal stomach contents, placental tissue, vaginal discharge

120
Q

Other than culture, what are other ways of diagnosing Salmonella?

A

Fluorescent antibody test, or serology for S abortusovis

121
Q

What is the persistent reservoir of Salmonella?

A

Symptomless carriers

122
Q

What should you ideally send for sampling following abortion?

A

Placenta and foetus

123
Q

How do you treat Salmonella?

A

Isolate sheep, give antibiotics based on sensitivity if aborted or scoured

124
Q

How do you avoid Salmonella outbreaks in sheep?

A

Avoid stress, avoid wild birds, avoid competition for feed, use piped fresh water

125
Q

What % of abortions does listeria account for?

A

2%

126
Q

Which listeria species cause abortion?

A

Monocytogenes or ivanovii

127
Q

What are some signs of a listeria infection?

A

Encephalitis, abortion, diarrhoea, septicaemia, KCS, mastitis, death (in young lambs)

128
Q

What is the most likely source of a listeria infection?

A

Soil, esp silage, but sheep require other factors to cause disease

129
Q

What happens if infected with listeria in late pregnancy?

A

Infects foetus, get septicaemia and placentitis, foetal death and abortion

130
Q

Which stage does abortion normally occur in in Listeria?

A

Can be any stage, but usually late pregnancy

131
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of listeria?

A

None

132
Q

What do lambs look like following Listeria?

A

Weak, with white focal necrosis of the liver

133
Q

What can the foetus look like following Listeria abortion?

A

May be autolysed

134
Q

What does the placenta look like in Listeria?

A

Necrotic placental villi, chorion covered in brown-red exudate

135
Q

What is vaginal discharge like in Listeria?

A

Heavy, brown

136
Q

Where can you culture listeria from?

A

Vaginal swab, foetal membranes, foetal liver lesions, fluorecent antibody

137
Q

When do you give antibiotics in Listeria?

A

If aborted or discharging

138
Q

How do you prevent Listeria?

A

Isolate all aborted ewes and don’t give poor silage to pregnant animals

139
Q

What are some signs of Border disease?

A

Neuro signs, tremor, course fleece, reproductive failure

140
Q

What causes Border disease?

A

A pestivirus, similar to BVD

141
Q

What signs does border disease give in lambs?

A

“Hairy shaker”

142
Q

What signs does border disease give in adults?

A

Mild pyrexia

143
Q

What does the foetus look like in border disease?

A

Mummified, absorbed or resorbed, or lambs born weak

144
Q

At what stage of pregnancy is abortion most common in border disease?

A

90 days (mummified or anasarcous)

145
Q

At what stage of pregnancy is the conceptus most susceptible to border disease?

A

16-80 days

146
Q

What are some ways of diagnosing border disease?

A

Clinical signs, histopathology of CNS, virus isolation, fluorecent antibody test, serology on barren or aborted ewes

147
Q

How is border disease spread?

A

PI animals

148
Q

How do you treat border disease?

A

Can’t

149
Q

Can you vaccinate for border disease?

A

No

150
Q

How can you prevent border disease?

A

Keep closed flock, segregate from affected ewes, ensure non-pregnant develop immunity, don’t retain exposed lambs

151
Q

What stage of gestation does leptospirosis normally affect?

A

Late

152
Q

Which periods of life does leptospirosis affect?

A

Immune compromised - 2 weeks before lambing, and 1st week of life

153
Q

Which kind of flocks get leptospirosis?

A

Intensively housed lowland flocks

154
Q

How can you prevent leptospirosis?

A

Minimise contact between cattle and sheep, vaccinate before tupping with 1/4 cattle dose

155
Q

What do you see in adult ewes that get lepto?

A

Late abortion, still birth, weak lambs

156
Q

What do you see in lambs that get lepto?

A

Meningitis

157
Q

How do you diagnose leptospirosis?

A

Isolated from aborted foetus or membrane or paired serology from a rising titre

158
Q

What do the foetal tissues and placenta look like in lepto?

A

See fat

159
Q

How do you treat lepto?

A

Dihydrostreptomycin during abortion storm

160
Q

What causes Q fever?

A

Coxiella burnetti

161
Q

What is the significance of Q fever in sheep farming?

A

Little - a public health issue

162
Q

How does Q fever spread?

A

At parturition, as placenta and vaginal discharge are heavily contaminated, or aerosol from fleece or dust

163
Q

In which ewes can you isolate Ureaplasma from?

A

Those with granular vulvitis

164
Q

How is Ureaplasma distributed?

A

By ram

165
Q

What does Ureaplasma cause in cattle?

A

Infertility and abortion

166
Q

Which areas of the country get tick-borne fever?

A

Where Ixodes ricinus occurs

167
Q

What happens following tick borne fever infection in late pregnancy?

A

Fever, then abort 2-8 days later, then mummified and expulsed weeks later

168
Q

What happens following tick borne fever if not pregnant?

A

Uneventful recovery

169
Q

What happens to rams exposed to tick borne fever?

A

Reduced fertility for several months

170
Q

What is the infectious agent in tick borne fever?

A

Cytoecetes phagocytophilia

171
Q

Which cells is tick borne fever found in?

A

In leucocytes of aborted or septicaemic ewes

172
Q

How do you treat tick borne fever in a naive flock?

A

Oxytetracycline

173
Q

What happens to ewes that survive tick borne fever?

A

Immune, usually from an early age

174
Q

How do you control ticks?

A

By dipping

175
Q

When do you introduce new sheep to the flock to prevent tick borne fever?

A

Before tupping

176
Q

What kind of a virus causes Schmallenberg?

A

Simba serogroup of Orthobunyaviruses

177
Q

How is Schmallenberg spread?

A

Culicoides midges

178
Q

What is the only way Schmallenberg spreads from animal to animal?

A

Transplacental from viraemic dam to foetus

179
Q

What do lambs look like in Schmallenberg?

A

Aborted, stillborn, congential defects or limbs and skull

180
Q

What tests do you do if you suspect Schmallenberg?

A

Histopath, serology, ELISA

181
Q

How can you prevent Schmallenberg?

A

Vaccine available, control insects, serology to assess exposure

182
Q

What are immediate steps following abortion outbreak?

A

Isolate, disinfect area, destroy bedding, no fostering or milk use, separate those still to lamb, antibiotics if ill, plan future prevention

183
Q

What is the most likely cause of abortion if below 2 years?

A

Toxoplasma

184
Q

What is the most likely cause of abortion if above 2 years?

A

Chlamydia

185
Q

What is prevalence of pseudopregnancy is goats?

A

5-30%

186
Q

What usually precedes pseudopregnancy in goats?

A

Normal oestrus or foetal death

187
Q

Which goats have increased risk of pseudopregnancy?

A

Older goat, goatling, artifical breeding

188
Q

Is pseudopregnancy recurrence likely?

A

Yes

189
Q

How is pseudopregnancy inherited?

A

Familial

190
Q

From which stage of pregnancy can you diagnose pseudopregnancy by ultrasound?

A

50-100 days

191
Q

From which stage of pregnancy can you diagnose pseudopregnancy by milk or plasma oestrone sulphate?

A

45 days

192
Q

From which stage of pregnancy can you diagnose pseudopregnancy by radiography?

A

80-100 days

193
Q

How do you treat pseudopregnancy?

A

PGF2a, and repeat 10-12 days later to prevent recurrence

194
Q

Why might oxytocin help when treating pseudopregnancy?

A

May aid involution

195
Q

What are infectious abortion causes in goats?

A

The same as sheep

196
Q

What are two particular causes of non-infectious abortion in goats?

A

Stress, and placental insufficiency

197
Q

What are two particular causes of non-infectious abortion in Angora goats?

A

Environmental stress and chronic energy deficiency

198
Q

Which Angora goats especially abort?

A

Young, poorly grown goats at 90-120 days gestation

199
Q

Why can larger goats especially get habitual abortion?

A

Due to hyperfunction of adrenal glands

Small Ruminant Husbandry and Medicine (12 decks)

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