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Lifespan and Development > (4) Perceptual & Sensorimotor Development > Flashcards

(4) Perceptual & Sensorimotor Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is Visual Acuity?

A

sharpness of vision; clarity that fine details can be detected

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2
Q

What type of vision do new borns have?

A

20/400 vision

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3
Q

What happens to visual acuity at 6 months?

A

acuity approximates normal adult vision

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4
Q

What happens to visual acuity at 8 months?

A

more interest in distant objects, tiny objects

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5
Q

What happens to visual acuity at 2-4 months?

A

see full colour spectrum

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6
Q

What colours do new borns prefer?

A

grey

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7
Q

What patterns do new borns prefer?

A

prefer patterns to plain stimuli

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8
Q

What is pattern perception like at 2 months?

A

prefer more complex patterns to simpler ones

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9
Q

What is sticky fixation?

A

difficulty disengaging visual attention away from one feature to focus on another, staring into space

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10
Q

What is visual scanning like at 1 month?

A

Focuses on edges

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11
Q

What is visual scanning like at 2 month?

A

Internal features, sticky fixation

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12
Q

What is visual scanning like at 6 months?

A

adult like scanning

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13
Q

What is the idea of Perceiving Parts vs Wholes (Cohen & Younger, 1983)?

A

-Not just edges and corners, but whole shape

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14
Q

What is perceiving parts and wholes like at 4 months?

A

see subjective contours

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15
Q

What is perceiving parts and wholes like at 12 months?

A

recognise incomplete line drawings (Rose et al, 1997)

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16
Q

What does Johnson et al 1991 believe about the nature of face perception?

A

new borns track faces more than other stimuli

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17
Q

What is argued about the nurture of face perception?

A

face tracking being inborn is bias as gives them much experience with faces

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18
Q

What happens to face perception between 2-4 months?

A

prefer more complex facial stimuli; prefer mother’s face; discriminate individual faces, even strangers

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19
Q

What happens to face perception between 5-12 months?

A

discriminate emotional expressions, positive to negative

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20
Q

Why might face perception be bias?

A

Exposure to faces from birth, held close to face (can be bias)

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21
Q

Are infants able to identify family members?

A

Able to recognise family members face – mothers face in a photograph

22
Q

What is Kinetic cues (1 months)?

A
  • motion parallax- nearby objects appear to move faster than distant ones
  • Sensitive to these first, blink when something comes close to their face
23
Q

What is Binocular cues (3-5 months)?

A
  • disparity- brain perceives depth when combining slightly different angle from each eye
  • Reaching for parents, toys, ability for reaching helps to teach them how far away something is
24
Q

What is Pictorial cues (5-7 months)?

A
  • interposition – an object that overlaps another appears nearer (Granrud & Yonas 1984)
  • Linear perspective: parallel lines appear to converge in distance (Arterberry et al 1991)
  • Relation between depth perception development and motor development?
25
Q

What did Gibson and Walk (1960) conduct?

A

Compare depth perception in infants of different species, visual cliff

26
Q

What did Gibson and Walk (1960) find?

A
  • more crawling experience – more avoidance of cliff
  • Need to learn from motor experience
  • Babies come aware of depth, won’t crawl over an edge
  • Not scared of heights, they learn from motor experience not to go over edges
27
Q

Is hearing or sight more mature at birth?

A

hearing

28
Q

What is Auditory threshold?

A

quietest sound can hear (Aslin et al 1998)

29
Q

How do new borns respond to sound?

A

Turn head towards sound

30
Q

How do 7 month olds respond to sound?

A

know when sounding object in dark is within reach

31
Q

How do 2 year olds respond to sound?

A

adult-like

32
Q

What did Trainor & Heinmiller, 1998 find?

A

New-born: prefer music to non-melodic sounds

33
Q

How do 4-6 month olds respond to music?

A

prefer more common chords

34
Q

How do 6 month olds respond to music?

A

distinguish Western vs non-Western music scales

35
Q

What is Infant-directed speech (motherese)?

A

speaking with a higher pitch

36
Q

What did DeCasper & Spence, 1986 find?

A

Familiar rhyme heard during last 6 weeks of pregnancy vs novel rhyme – tested baby listening to rhyme by their mother or stranger – prefer mother

37
Q

What is taste like for a new born?

A

detect 4 main tastes from 2 hrs old (and prefer sweet) – adaptive as breast milk is sweet

38
Q

What is taste like for a 4 month old?

A

prefer salty to plain – might be around the time they start being weaned

39
Q

What can bitter tastes suggest?

A

Bitter tastes can suggest that it’s poisonous

40
Q

What did Menella & Beauchamp, 1996 find?

A

Universal facial expression for pleasant (sweet) vs unpleasant (rotten/fishy) odours

41
Q

What type of odours do new borns like?

A

New-borns prefer familiar odours (amniotic fluid, breast milk, perfume)

42
Q

What areas are most sensitive to touch?

A

Face, hands and feet most sensitive

43
Q

How many pain receptors does a new born have?

A

Pain, same number of pain receptors as adults

44
Q

What is Object discrimination (Streri et al 2000) ?

A

capable of holding and feeling objects or keeping in contact

45
Q

What is a reflex?

A

involuntary response to external stimulation (McGraw 1940)

46
Q

What are essential reflexes?

A

rooting, sucking, swallowing and swimming

47
Q

What are non essential reflexes?

A

moro (startle), gripping (palmar grasp), stepping and Babinski

48
Q

What is SIDS/cot death?

A

Unexplained sudden death of infant less than 1 year, usually during sleep

49
Q

When is SIDS most common?

A

2-4 months

50
Q

What are common features of SIDS?

A

Low muscle tone, abnormal heart rate pattern, disturbances in their wake sleep pattern

Lifespan and Development (10 decks)

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