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Lifespan and Development > (2) Prenatal Development > Flashcards

(2) Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is a fertilized egg called?

A

zygote

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2
Q

What happens in the Zygote or Germinal Stage?

A

Conception to implantation

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3
Q

When does the Zygote or Germinal stage occur?

A

0-2 weeks

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4
Q

What is a Amniotic sac?

A

fluid-filled membrane protecting embryo

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5
Q

What is a Placenta?

A

Disc-like structure connecting embryo to uterus

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6
Q

What is an Umbilical cord?

A

tube connecting embryo to placenta: provide oxygen and nutrients, removes carbon dioxide and waste

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7
Q

When does an embryo develop?

A

3-8 weeks

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8
Q

At what stage is miscarriage highest?

A

Embryo stage

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9
Q

What develops when a foetus grows?

A

Functional development, Brain development, Responds to stimulation

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10
Q

What happens in the 12th week of pregnancy?

A

Can tell sex of child, child develops reflexes

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11
Q

What happens between weeks 17-20 weeks of pregnancy?

A

Mother can feel child move

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12
Q

What happens if a child is born 22-26 weeks into pregnancy?

A

viability – if it is born it has a chance of survival

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13
Q

What is Teratogen?

A

an environmental agent that causes prenatal damage

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14
Q

What happens to an unborn child who is exposed to teratogen?

A

Effects during critical/sensitive periods, effects are specific, longer exposure is worse, some have no effect on mother, maternal/foetal genes may counteract effect

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15
Q

What is Thalidomide?

A

drug for morning sickness (1957-61), caused structural abnormalities in limbs and faces

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16
Q

What is DES?

A

hormone to prevent miscarriage (1947-64), linked to reproductive problems and cancers in offspring

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17
Q

What can occur if caffeine is consumed during pregnancy?

A

miscarriage, low birth weight (LBW), avoid > 200mg

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18
Q

What can occur if tabacco is consumed during pregnancy?

A

chemicals in smoke -> miscarriage and prematurity

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19
Q

What does nicotine effect?

A

Nicotine affects placenta -> poor nutrition -> LBW

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20
Q

How can Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) affect an infant?

A

Stunted growth, physical defects, often mental retardation

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21
Q

When is FAS most lethal?

A

Last trimester worst – brain is developing the most

22
Q

How many infants are affected by FAS in the UK?

A

1-5% affected in UK

23
Q

What are examples of radiation?

A

Radiation (atomic bomb, nuclear reactor meltdowns, ordinary X-rays)

24
Q

What affects can radiation have?

A

Miscarriage, stunted growth, physical defects, cancer

25
Q

What are examples of pollution?

A

Pollution (lead, mercury, PCBs)

26
Q

What affects can pollution have?

A

Prematurity, LBW, cognitive delays

27
Q

What is Toxoplasmosis?

A

parasitic infection in cats and raw meat leads to brain and eye damage to child

28
Q

What effects can HIV/AIDS have?

A

mortality, small head, physical and mental defects

29
Q

What is Rubella?

A

virus damages eyes, ears, heart; causes mental retardation

30
Q

What is CMV?

A

virus with mild (or no) flu-like symptoms

31
Q

What is herpes?

A

sexually transmitted virus, damages eye, brain, motor system

32
Q

What is the zika virus?

A

Mosquito-borne infection, identified in Uganda (1947)

33
Q

How can the zika virus effect a mother?

A

Mild fever

34
Q

What is the zika virus linked to in infants?

A

infant microcephaly (small brain)

35
Q

How does the zika virus effect infants?

A

Infect foetal brain tissue, lifelong sensory, motor and cognitive disability

36
Q

What are the risks of pregnancy in older women?

A

Miscarriage and chromosomal damage risks increase with age

37
Q

What is Toxemia/Pre-eclampsia?

A

pregnancy-caused high blood pressure -> restricted growth, preterm birth, stillbirth

38
Q

What affects can (Gestational) Diabetes have on infants?

A

high birth weight, preterm birth, temporary breathing problems

39
Q

What does APGAR stand for?

A

activity, pule, grimace, appearance and respiration

40
Q

What does a 0-3 APGAR score suggest?

A

severely depressed

41
Q

What does a 4-6 APGAR score suggest?

A

moderately depressed

42
Q

What does a 7-10 APGAR score suggest?

A

excellent condition

43
Q

How many weeks does an infant have to be to be considered preterm?

A

Less than 36 weeks, less than 32 is very preterm, extremely is less than 26

44
Q

What is the average weight of a preterm infant?

A

2.3kg

45
Q

What are the risks to preterm babies?

A

Risk of cognitive delay, inadequate surfactant (liquid in lungs that sends oxygen into blood), May cause respiratory distress syndrome

46
Q

What is a normal birth weight?

A

3.5kg

47
Q

When do infants of LBW typically catch up?

A

4 years

48
Q

What are long term effects of LBW?

A

cognitive and motor issues

49
Q

What did Thoman et al (1995) investigate?

A

The Breathing Bear with Preterm Infants experiment

50
Q

What did Field (1990) investigate?

A

Massage Stimulates Growth in Preterm Infant, Treated infants gained more weight per day and were discharged from hospital several days earlier than control infants

51
Q

Why might preterm babies get less attention?

A
  • Physical appearance
  • High-pitched cry
  • Feed difficulties
  • Lower responsiveness
  • Hospital or home-based interventions aim to improve parent-infant interaction

Lifespan and Development (10 decks)

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