4-OperantConditioning Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the difference between Pavlovian conditioning and Operant conditioning?

A

Pavlovian conditioning relies on formations of reflexive associations between stimuli, resulting in involuntary responses; operant conditioning relies on consequences of past actions influencing future behaviour, resulting in increase or decrease of voluntary behaviours

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2
Q

What simple principle does operant conditioning operate on?

A

Consequences lead to change in voluntary behaviour; actions that result in a reward tend to be repeated or become more frequent; actions that result in punishment tend to be avoided or become less frequent

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3
Q

Who put cats inside ‘puzzle boxes’ where they could escape box by pulling a string, stepping on a platform, and turning a latch on the door?;
What basic thing did he find?

A

Edward Thorndike;

Cats get quicker at this with experience

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4
Q

According to Thorndike, responses accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will what?

A

Be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, their responses will be more likely to recur

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5
Q

When Skinner put animals in a box, with different things for them to manipulate (e.g electric shocks from floor; food dispenser & lever), how would he teach them the desired behaviour of pressing the lever?

A

Either wait, or through shaping (selectively reinforce any behaviour resembling the target that could lead to desired behaviour)

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6
Q

Skinner (1948) discovered that if you randomly reward pigeons, they develop what?;
Random reinforcement shapes behaviour. The reinforcement is correlated with the pigeon’s movements but there is no what?

A

‘Superstitious behaviour’ – they start to believe that things they do cause the random rewards;
Causation

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7
Q

How do humans behave superstitiously?

A

Even if there is actually no true association between a behavior and an outcome we expect and try to find links (lucky charms, rituals, pedestrian crossings, etc)

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8
Q

Many behaviours are made up of smaller behaviours.
Describe Chaining;
Why is backward chaining more effective?

A

Shaping a behaviour by teaching in bits and pieces; can be done forwards or backwards;
If you start with the last behaviour in the chain & work backwards, they’ll know the reward is coming after the last step so they’ll continue learning

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9
Q

What’s the point of classifying consequences of behaviour?

A

Different ways of altering behaviour work in different ways; if you want to alter behaviour, you have to understand the differences

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10
Q

In regards to reinforcers & punishers, the consequence of one’s actions after a behaviour, R, follows a stimulus, S, determines what?

A

The likelihood of that behaviour happening again when the next instance of the stimulus occurs

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11
Q

What’s the difference between Positive & Negative Reinforcement? Provide examples of each

A

Positive is when stimulus is added to increase desired behaviour (e.g. given ice-cream after doing homework); Negative is when a stimulus is removed to increase desired behaviour (e.g. let off chores for doing homework)

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12
Q

What’s the difference between Positive & Negative Punishment? Provide examples of each

A

Positive is when stimulus is added to decrease undesired behaviour (e.g. getting smacked); Negative is when a stimulus is removed to decrease undesired behaviour (e.g. losing license)

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13
Q

Name the two different schedules of reinforcement?;

What’s the difference between ratio & interval?

A

Continuous (CRF) - each response; Partial (PRF) - intermittent (only sometimes);
Ratio is amount of responses before reinforcement (e.g. every 10 times); interval is time before reinforcement (e.g. every 10 mins)

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14
Q

How does Fixed Ratio (FR) work?;
Variable Ratio (VR)?;
Fixed Interval?;
Variable Interval?

A

Response is reinforced every nth time (e.g. newspaper delivery);
On average, every nth - unpredictable (e.g. gambling);
First after n seconds (e.g. waiting for bus);
On average, first after n seconds - unpredictable (e.g. checking email)

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15
Q

Which 2 reinforcement schedules show a post-reinforcement pause?

A

FR (have a break as they know reward is coming after n times) & FI (wait until they think the time’s coming then ramp up behaviour, no point before then - leads to a scalloped pattern)

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16
Q

Under which conditions will behaviour continue at a constant rate & why?

A

VR & VI, as they don’t know when the reward is coming so they keep trying

17
Q

Which reinforcement schedules are the most efficient?;

Why are VR schedules most resistant to extinction?

A

Ratio

Organism will persevere if sometimes rewarded so harder to extinguish

18
Q

Which schedules of punishment are most effective?;

Is reinforcement or punishment more effective?

A

Continuous;

Reinforcement - can increase repertoire of desirable behaviours in order to decrease undesirable

19
Q

According to Skinner, what is a problem with punishment?;

What are some other problems?

A

Not as permanent as reinforcement;

Reduces trust/increases aggression; more difficult in the real world than in the lab so not as effective

20
Q

List some ways to punish effectively

A

No escape; as intense as possible (within limits); continuous schedule; no delay; over a short period; no subsequent reinforcement

21
Q

What are some side effects to look for after punishment?;

What’s a better approach to avoid these?

A

Changes in other behaviours; aggression; fear; modelling of violence; learned helplessness;
Use strategies that will help in the long term rather than being carried away in the moment (e.g. reinforce appropriate behaviour)

22
Q

Apart from schedule, what other 3 variables affect conditioning?

A

Drive, Size & Delay

23
Q

If I reward you for doing your homework with your favourite snack, should I do this when you are hungry or when you’ve just eaten?;
Why?

A

Hungry;

Reinforcement depends on how much the organism wants the reinforcer; More drive for hungry organism vs sated organism

24
Q

Should I reward you for doing your homework with a large serve of your favourite snack or one bite of your favourite snack?;
Why?;
What problem can occur with this?

A
Large serve;
In operant conditioning, size does matter (animals in a Skinner box learn faster if they get more food pellets);
Diminishing return (behaviour will taper off as reward increases; the more you have the less 1 more will count)
25
Q

What is the speed of acquisition for large/desired stimulus compared to smaller/undesired stimulus?;
What’s the speed of extinction?

A

Faster;

Also faster - change of reinforcement & change in behaviour (law of diminishing return)

26
Q

Is it better to reward you for doing your homework with your favourite snack right now or in half an hour?;
Why?

A

Right now;
Delay reduces the effect; we prefer immediate rewards or have less motivation; also harder to link consequences (as in delayed punishment)

27
Q

Skinner argued that the Three-Term Contingency are the basis of operant conditioning. What are they?

A

The discriminative stimulus (sets the occasion); The operant response (the behaviour); The outcome (i.e.reinforcer/punisher) that follows (the consequence)

28
Q

When does Stimulus Control occur?

When does the behaviour happen?

A

When behaviour comes to be under the control of the stimulus (much of our everyday behaviour);
Only when the stimulus is present & not when absent

29
Q

When you’re training a dog, if it jumps to the verbal cue “up”, but also to the verbal cue of “ah”, or “gulp”, or “here”..etc…, what is occurring?

A

Stimulus Generalisation

30
Q

Define Stimulus Generalization

A

When a response is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus there’s a general tendency to respond in the presence of new stimuli with similar physical properties or have been associated with the stimulus (loose degree of stimulus control)

31
Q

If the dog only jumps to the verbal cue “up”, but not to the verbal cue of “oops”, or “here”……or the tap on the plate, or a clap, what has occurred?

A

Stimulus Discrimination

32
Q

Define stimulus discrimination;

How is it taught?

A

Degree to which antecedent stimuli set the occasion for particular responses; precise degree of stimulus control;
By using discrimination training procedures such as differential reinforcement (e.g. reward behaviour only when stimulus is present)

33
Q

In the three-term contingency, what does a discriminative stimulus serves as?;
So what is key to operant conditioning?

A

To signal the occasion when a particular behaviour will be reinforced/punished;
Learning to discriminate the stimulus

34
Q

Stimuli become signals if what?;

A

If they’re predictive of a consequence

35
Q

Stimulus control uses discrimination and shaping why?

It’s easier to refine an existing behaviour by adding a new stimulus than what?

A

To make sure the organism only responds if a stimulus is present;
Make a new behaviour from scratch

36
Q

Provide some examples of human behaviour that seem as if they are under stimulus control?

A

Traffic lights; typical talking distances; social drinkers/smokers; social behaviours