4-OperantConditioning Flashcards
What’s the difference between Pavlovian conditioning and Operant conditioning?
Pavlovian conditioning relies on formations of reflexive associations between stimuli, resulting in involuntary responses; operant conditioning relies on consequences of past actions influencing future behaviour, resulting in increase or decrease of voluntary behaviours
What simple principle does operant conditioning operate on?
Consequences lead to change in voluntary behaviour; actions that result in a reward tend to be repeated or become more frequent; actions that result in punishment tend to be avoided or become less frequent
Who put cats inside ‘puzzle boxes’ where they could escape box by pulling a string, stepping on a platform, and turning a latch on the door?;
What basic thing did he find?
Edward Thorndike;
Cats get quicker at this with experience
According to Thorndike, responses accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will what?
Be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, their responses will be more likely to recur
When Skinner put animals in a box, with different things for them to manipulate (e.g electric shocks from floor; food dispenser & lever), how would he teach them the desired behaviour of pressing the lever?
Either wait, or through shaping (selectively reinforce any behaviour resembling the target that could lead to desired behaviour)
Skinner (1948) discovered that if you randomly reward pigeons, they develop what?;
Random reinforcement shapes behaviour. The reinforcement is correlated with the pigeon’s movements but there is no what?
‘Superstitious behaviour’ – they start to believe that things they do cause the random rewards;
Causation
How do humans behave superstitiously?
Even if there is actually no true association between a behavior and an outcome we expect and try to find links (lucky charms, rituals, pedestrian crossings, etc)
Many behaviours are made up of smaller behaviours.
Describe Chaining;
Why is backward chaining more effective?
Shaping a behaviour by teaching in bits and pieces; can be done forwards or backwards;
If you start with the last behaviour in the chain & work backwards, they’ll know the reward is coming after the last step so they’ll continue learning
What’s the point of classifying consequences of behaviour?
Different ways of altering behaviour work in different ways; if you want to alter behaviour, you have to understand the differences
In regards to reinforcers & punishers, the consequence of one’s actions after a behaviour, R, follows a stimulus, S, determines what?
The likelihood of that behaviour happening again when the next instance of the stimulus occurs
What’s the difference between Positive & Negative Reinforcement? Provide examples of each
Positive is when stimulus is added to increase desired behaviour (e.g. given ice-cream after doing homework); Negative is when a stimulus is removed to increase desired behaviour (e.g. let off chores for doing homework)
What’s the difference between Positive & Negative Punishment? Provide examples of each
Positive is when stimulus is added to decrease undesired behaviour (e.g. getting smacked); Negative is when a stimulus is removed to decrease undesired behaviour (e.g. losing license)
Name the two different schedules of reinforcement?;
What’s the difference between ratio & interval?
Continuous (CRF) - each response; Partial (PRF) - intermittent (only sometimes);
Ratio is amount of responses before reinforcement (e.g. every 10 times); interval is time before reinforcement (e.g. every 10 mins)
How does Fixed Ratio (FR) work?;
Variable Ratio (VR)?;
Fixed Interval?;
Variable Interval?
Response is reinforced every nth time (e.g. newspaper delivery);
On average, every nth - unpredictable (e.g. gambling);
First after n seconds (e.g. waiting for bus);
On average, first after n seconds - unpredictable (e.g. checking email)
Which 2 reinforcement schedules show a post-reinforcement pause?
FR (have a break as they know reward is coming after n times) & FI (wait until they think the time’s coming then ramp up behaviour, no point before then - leads to a scalloped pattern)