2PavlovianConditioning Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 4 elements of Pavlovian conditioning

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (US) – stimulus elicits an unlearned response; Unconditioned Response (UR) – unlearned response to a US; Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – stimulus to which an organism must learn to respond; Conditioned Response (CR) – learned response to CS

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2
Q

Who popularized Pavlov’s research in the West as the fundamental basis for psychology?

A

John Watson

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3
Q

What are some of the reasons why classical conditioning took off?

A

Consciousness & introspection is hard to measure; could objectively measure behaviour (can measure strength of association); it provided a set of principles about how behaviour worked

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4
Q

What are some clinical applications of Pavlovian conditioning?;
How else can it be applied?

A

Understanding acquisition of fear; treating phobias; treating anxiety; overcome problematic behaviour;
To investigate other psychological phenomena (e.g. intergroup relations)

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5
Q

What did Watson & Rayner in 1920 investigate in their experiments with Little Albert & rats?;
What did this result in?

A

Acquisition of emotional responses (coupled a rat with loud noise);
Generalised fear to all furry objects (i.e. rabbits & white fluffy beards)

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6
Q

In the case of Little Albert, what was the US?;
What was the UR?
What was the CS?

A

Loud noise;
Being upset;
A rat

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7
Q

In a typical conditioning experiment, describe stage 1;
Describe stage 2;
Describe stage 3

A

Habituation – CS presented alone;
Acquisition – CS presented along with US;
Extinction – CS presented alone again

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8
Q

What are two factors that influence the acquisition curve?

A

Intensity of US (more intense, more rapid learning); order & timing (CS before US is better)

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9
Q

What is it called when the CS is presented before the US but there is a delay between the end of the first stimulus & beginning of the second?

A

Trace Conditioning

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10
Q

What’s the difference between interstimulus interval & trace interval?

A

Interstimulus is space between when CS starts & US starts; trace interval is space between end of CS & beginning of US

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11
Q

What is it called when the US is presented before the CS?

A

Backward Conditioning

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12
Q

Is there an optimal ISI (interstimulus interval)?;

Is there an optimal ITI (intertrial interval – space between trials)

A

It depends; with humans, probably 0.4 to 1 sec (if US is something like a shock);
The longer the better; if too short it can be confusing about which is causing the response

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13
Q

What’s the optimal ISI for eyeblink reflex?;

Taste aversion?

A
Relatively short (around 300ms);
Need more time as it’s a slower process in the body (around half an hour)
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14
Q

What two tests must an inhibitor pass to know if the organism has learnt anything?

A

Summation & retardation tests

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15
Q

How is a retardation test conducted?

A

Inhibitory conditioning first (B becomes inhibitor); train inhibitor & a neutral stimulus to both become excitatory (slower learning to inhibitor I<N); should see less response with inhibitor than neutral stimulus; still resisting learning based on previous learning (less expectation from inhibitor)

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16
Q

How is a Summation test conducted?

A

Inhibitory conditioning first (B becomes inhibitor); new excitatory CS presented alone (A); new excitatory CS + inhibitor (A+I); responses: A+I<A ; should sum together to mean we’d expect the US less than with A alone

17
Q

Explain the process of Excitatory Conditioning;
Explain the process of Inhibitory Conditioning;
What about Extinction?

A

CS predicts US; CS usually elicits CR;
CS predicts absence of US; no CR; requires tests;
CS becomes ambiguous

18
Q

Every time you go to statistics class your lecturer gives you chocolate. You see the same lecturer for learning & cognition class & receive no chocolate. When you return to statistics class you still expect chocolate. What is this an example of?

A

Renewal

19
Q

Is Extinction due to inhibitory conditioning?

A

No, as re-acquisition is much faster; we would see retardation if it was inhibitory

20
Q

What phenomena show us that extinction is not forgetting (passive decay) or unlearning?

A

Spontaneous recovery, renewal & reinstatement

21
Q

Explain Spontaneous Recovery

A

Occurs when the CS is reintroduced after a break; the CR reappears

22
Q

Explain Renewal

A

Occurs when extinction is context specific (acquisition in context x, extinction in context y, present CS in context x = CR)

23
Q

Explain Reinstatement (or reminder effect)

A

Present US alone after extinction; later present CS; present US again & CS will be expected, resulting in CR

24
Q

What were the hidden assumptions of classical conditioning?;

What two phenomena shows us these assumptions are wrong?

A

Any stimulus can be paired with any response (equipotentiality); the more 2 stimuli are paired, the stronger the individual will associate them (contiguity); conditioning changes trial to trial in a regular way (contigency);
Blocking & Superconditioning

25
Q

When a neutral stimulus & excitatory stimulus together are paired with the US, what is this called?;
What occurs in the learning process?

A

Blocking;

Learner does not form an association between the neutral stimulus & the US

26
Q

When a neutral stimulus & inhibitory stimulus together are paired with the US, what is this called?;
What occurs in this learning process?

A

Superconditioning;

Learner forms an association between the neutral stimulus & the US

27
Q

In Kamin’s 1968 study, when the rats in the blocking condition first heard a noise paired with the US (shock), then heard the noise & saw a light paired with the shock, what occurred?

A

They didn’t react to the light by avoiding the shock (they blocked it)

28
Q

In Rescorla’s 1971 study, when the rats were played a tone without a shock, then presented with the tone & light followed by a shock, then the light alone, what occurred?

A

They showed stronger conditioning to the light than rats in the control condition (superconditioning)

29
Q

Is pairing of CS & US sufficient for learning

A

Not if prior learning has taken place; surprise is necessary for learning (i.e. blocking & superconditioning)