4: Oncogenic Viruses Flashcards
P53 is activated if the ______ is damaged & blocks the cell cycle & the ______ damage is repaired. If repair cannot be done the cell ______.
E2F stimulates cell cycle & can be ______ by Rb. Problems with ______ allows E2F to continually stimulate cell cycle.
______ of P53 or Rb allows cells to proliferate (continuous growth of cells) and accumulate other mutations.
P53 is activated if the DNA is damaged & blocks the cell cycle & the DNA damage is repaired. If repair cannot be done the cell apoptoses.
E2F stimulates cell cycle & can be blocked by Rb. Problems with Rb allows E2F to continually stimulate cell cycle.
Inactivation of P53 or Rb allows cells to proliferate (continuous growth of cells) and accumulate other mutations.
______ are overexpressed in some human cancers by amplification, mutation, or translocation.
Oncogenes are overexpressed in some human cancers by amplification, mutation, or translocation.
These cancers have mutations in ______:
Breast Bladder Prostate Liver Lung Skin Colon
These cancers have mutations in p53:
Breast Bladder Prostate Liver Lung Skin Colon
______ tumor viruses can target p53 and pRB
DNA tumor viruses can target p53 and pRB
RNA oncogenic retroviruses viruses carry ______ oncogenes, or insert their ______ and activate an oncogene.
RNA oncogenic retroviruses viruses carry activated oncogenes, or insert their promoter and activate an oncogene.
DNA oncogenic viruses ______ cell cycle genes and inactivate the cell cycle.
DNA viruses can cause cancer through effects of the ______ or its equivalent (SV40, adenoviruses, Human papillomaviruses) which target the p53 and pRb genes
DNA oncogenic viruses degrade cell cycle genes and inactivate the cell cycle.
DNA viruses can cause cancer through effects of the T antigen or its equivalent (SV40, adenoviruses, Human papillomaviruses) which target the p53 and pRb genes
SV40 did ______ cause cancer in human cells—species specificity.
______ antigen from SV40 binds to P53 & Rb & inactivates them; hence, cells grow ______.
If T antigen is removed the cell goes back to normal as P53 & Rb function resume.
No human tumors contain ______ T antigen so there are no cases!
SV40 did not cause cancer in human cells—species specificity.
T antigen from SV40 binds to P53 & Rb & inactivates them; hence, cells grow continually.
If T antigen is removed the cell goes back to normal as P53 & Rb function resume.
No human tumors contain SV40 T antigen so there are no cases!
Oncogenic ______ viruses are species-specific.
E1A and E1B are analogous to ______ and are always expressed in transformed cells
______ responsible for any human cancers
Oncogenic adenoviruses are species-specific.
E1A and E1B are analogous to T antigen and are always expressed in transformed cells
Not responsible for any human cancers
Kids without IL-2 got virus with IL-2 gene therapy and some kids actually got leukemia, this is the only example of ______ specificity.
Kids without IL-2 got virus with IL-2 gene therapy and some kids actually got leukemia, this is the only example of non-species specificity.
Oncogenes may have which function in normal cells?
Inhibition of cell cycle
Repair of mutations
Resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs
Surface receptors for growth factors
Surface receptors for growth factors
Papillomaviruses cause ______ cancer, and the benign form causes ______.
Papillomaviruses cause Cervical cancer, and the benign form causes Warts.
Epstein-Barr virus causes ______ lymphoma & ______ cancer, and the benign form causes ______.
Epstein-Barr virus causes Burkitt’s lymphoma & Naso-pharyngeal cancer, and the benign form causes Mononucleosis.
Hepatitis B virus that causes Hepatitis B also causes ______ carcinoma.
______ gene & ras from hepatitis B causes cancer.
Hepatitis B virus vaccine ______ HCC—it works!
HCC is prevelant in ______.
Hepatitis B virus that causes Hepatitis B also causes Hepatocellular carcinoma.
X gene gene & ras from hepatitis B causes cancer.
Hepatitis B virus vaccine eliminates HCC—it works!
HCC is prevelant in asia.
Kaposi’s sarcoma is caused by the ______ (HHV8).
Kaposi’s sarcoma is caused by the herpesvirus (HHV8).
Human ______ leukemia virus causes Leukemias & lymphomas.
It is prevelant in the ______.
Human T cell leukemia virus causes Leukemias & lymphomas.
It is prevelant in the Carribean.
Human papillomaviruses are Related to the ______ virus.
Low Risk (HPV 4,6,8) = ______
Intermediate (HPV 11) = ______ papillomas
High Risk (HPV 16,18) = ______, ______ cancer
They numbered them as they were discovered so hardest ones to find = worst ones = highest numbers
Human papillomaviruses are Related to the SV40 virus.
Low Risk (HPV 4,6,8) = Warts
Intermediate (HPV 11) = Laryngeal papillomas
High Risk (HPV 16,18) = Cervical, pharyngeal cancer
They numbered them as they were discovered so hardest ones to find = worst ones = highest numbers
In high risk HPVs, ______ and ______ are similar to T antigen of SV40 virus. ______ is a suppressor of E6 and E7. E2 normally suppresses E6 and E7.
Loss of ______ function, because of integration, therefore allows over-expression of E6 and E7, which leads to cancer.
In high risk HPVs, E6 and E7 are similar to T antigen of SV40 virus. E2 is a suppressor of E6 and E7. E2 normally suppresses E6 and E7.
Loss of E2 function, because of integration, therefore allows over-expression of E6 and E7, which leads to cancer.
E6 binds ______
E7 binds ______
Transfection of cells with E6/E7 leads to ______ of cells but not tumor! They need ______ also to become transformed & tumorogenic!
E6 and E7 of Low risk HPVs (warts) are similar but ______ affinity binding.
E6 binds P53
E7 binds Rb
Transfection of cells with E6/E7 leads to immortalization of cells but not tumor! They need ras also to become transformed & tumorogenic!
E6 and E7 of Low risk HPVs (warts) are similar but low affinity binding.
mnemnonic 6,7 order P…R
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: 1 is ______ bad and 3 is ______. 3 turns into cancer.
CIN = loss of differentiation of epithelial cells.
@ CIN 3 the virus ______ into the genome, E6 & E7 proteins are expressed ______, & causes cancer & causes chromosomal instability.
Pap smears screen for ______.
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: 1 is least bad and 3 is worst. 3 turns into cancer.
CIN = loss of differentiation of epithelial cells.
@ CIN 3 the virus integrates into the genome, E6 & E7 proteins are expressed continually, & causes cancer & causes chromosomal instability.
Pap smears screen for CIN.
______ lives have been saved by the HPV vaccine because cervical cancer acts very slowly and the vaccine has been out 4 – 5 yrs and it takes 10 – 30 years for the cancer to develop.
No lives have been saved by the HPV vaccine because cervical cancer acts very slowly and the vaccine has been out 4 – 5 yrs and it takes 10 – 30 years for the cancer to develop.
EBV in western world causes ______. EBV in-vitro can transform human ______ cells.
______ lymphoma has high incidence in sub saharan africa.
______ cancer has a high incidence in southeast asia.
EBV in western world causes mononucleosis. EBV in-vitro can transform human B cells.
Burkitts lymphoma has high incidence in sub saharan africa.
Nasopharyngeal cancer has a high incidence in southeast asia.
______ happens to pre-pubertal boys who get ______—you get EBV & ______ @ same time. ______ is most common tumor site.
Infectious cofactor for Burkitt’s is ______ & cofactor for naso-pharyngeal cancer is ______ (food preservative).
______ antibodies to EBV capsid antigen. ______ can predict tumors or recurrences.
Burkitt’s happens to young makes who get malaria—you get EBV & malaria @ same time. Maxilla is most common tumor site.
Infectious cofactor for Burkitt’s is malaria & cofactor for naso-pharyngeal cancer is environmental (food preservative).
IgA antibodies to EBV capsid antigen. IgA can predict tumors or recurrences.
EBV infects B cells and causes Q8 –> Q14 ______ & puts ______ gene under control of an immunoglobulin promoter.
EBV infects B cells and causes Q8 –> Q14 translocation & puts myc gene under control of an immunoglobulin promoter.
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV):
You get leukemia 50-60 ______ after infection.
1 in 20 infected people get T cell leukemia after many years.
HTLV-1 is ______ into genome of all leukemic cells (WBC).
Tax expression ______, but HBZ ______.
Genetic changes ______.
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV):
You get leukemia 50-60 yrs after infection.
1 in 20 infected people get T cell leukemia after many years.
HTLV-1 is integrated into genome of all leukemic cells (WBC).
Tax expression declines, but HBZ persists.
Genetic changes accumulate.
Kaposi’s sarcoma is a ______ virus (KSHV) called Kaposi’s sarcoma ______ virus (KSHV).
Kaposi’s is very common in patients with ______ & has a high prevalence in ______.
Kaposi’s sarcoma is a herpes virus (KSHV) called Kaposi’s sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV).
Kaposi’s is very common in patients with HIV & has a high prevalence in sub saharan africa.
The human cancers for which a virus-vaccine exists are?
Cervical cancer & Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Which of the following cancers can be prevented by a vaccine?
A. Burkitt’s lymphoma
B. Kaposi’s sarcoma
C. Liver cancer
D. None of the above
- C. The Hepatitis B vaccine protects against hepatocellular carcinoma
- A new virus is isolated from a patient with breast cancer and can be cultured in newborn rats. A large proportion of the rats develop sarcomas when they are adult. Which conclusion can be drawn about cancer in humans?
A. Breast cancer is caused by the virus and can be prevented by a vaccine
B. Breast cancer is not caused by a virus but sarcomas are
C. No firm conclusion is possible
D. Breast cancer is a contagious disease
- C. No conclusion can be drawn because oncogenic viruses are very species-specific
- Which of the following is true, regarding oncogenes?
A. They have normal functions, but can cause cancer under some circumstances
B. They are found in oncogenic DNA viruses
C. They work by inactivating the p53 protein of cells
D. They are the antigen in the papillomavirus vaccine
- A. Many RNA viruses can cause animal cancer by introducing activated oncogenes. Many human cancers that are not virus-associated have oncogenes activated by other mechanisms.
- Which of the following is true, regarding vaccination against papillomaviruses:
A. Two vaccines are available, and each is protective against some HPV types
B. Unfortunately, side effects have been reported, related to autism
C. Several thousand lives have been saved due to a reduction in cervical cancer
D. The vaccine contains a live, attenuated virus
- A. The vaccines are protective to some extent against intracellular epithelial neoplasia.
myc: ______ factor
myc: Transcription factor
src: Membrane signaling of ______ factor binding
src: Membrane signaling of growth factor binding
ras: Signal transduction from ______ receptors
ras: Signal transduction from surface receptors
sis: ______-derived growth factor
sis: Platelet-derived growth factor
erb B: ______ factor receptor
erb B: Growth factor receptor
fms: ______ factor receptor
fms: Growth factor receptor
LMO2: ______
LMO2: Hematopoiesis
Oncogene that is overexpressed in human cancers:
Acute myeloblastic leukemia: ______
Oncogene that is overexpressed in human cancers:
Acute myeloblastic leukemia: mos
Oncogene that is overexpressed in human cancers:
Chronic myelogenous leukemia: ______
Oncogene that is overexpressed in human cancers:
Chronic myelogenous leukemia: abl
Oncogene that is overexpressed in human cancers:
Acute promyelocytic leukemia: ______
Oncogene that is overexpressed in human cancers:
Acute promyelocytic leukemia: fes
Oncogene that is overexpressed in human cancers:
Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ______
Oncogene that is overexpressed in human cancers:
Acute lymphocytic leukemia: LMO2
Oncogene that is overexpressed in human cancers:
Ovarian cancer: ______
Oncogene that is overexpressed in human cancers:
Ovarian cancer: myb
Oncogene that is overexpressed in human cancers:
Breast cancer: ______
Oncogene that is overexpressed in human cancers:
Breast cancer: her-2/neu
