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anatomy & physiology > (4) nervous system [main/basic] > Flashcards

(4) nervous system [main/basic] Flashcards

1
Q

functional basic unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

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2
Q

parts of the neuron structure

A 
dendrites
cell body
nucleus
axon
myelin sheath + schwann cell + nodes of ranvier
axon terminal
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3
Q

what do neurons make

A

neurotransmitters

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4
Q

(def) neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger

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5
Q

what travels in the neuron

A

action potential

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6
Q

(def) action potential

A

electrical signal

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7
Q

4 nervous system tissues

A

neurons
nerve
ganglia
neuroglia

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8
Q

(def) neuroglia

A

neural glue

helper cell

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9
Q

(func) neuroglia

A

support & protect the neurons

maintain homeostasis in the fluid surrounding the neurons

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10
Q

gray matter

A

non-myelinated matter
beginnings and ends of neurons
edges of the brain

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11
Q

white matter

A

myelinated matter
axons of neurons
connects gray matter to each other

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12
Q

resting potential

A

neuron at rest - not firing/no signal transmission

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13
Q

stimulus

A

causes a change in ion charge across the neuron membrane

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14
Q

action potential

A

minimum threshold of charge across the membrane reached - all or nothing firing

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15
Q

refractory period

A

period of time before the membrane returns to resting potential

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16
Q

5 neurotransmitters

A 
epinephrine
dopamine
endorphins
serotonin
acetylcholine
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17
Q

2 types of neurotransmitter mimics

A

agonists (excitatory)

antagonists (inhibitory)

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18
Q

agonists (excitatory)

A

stimulants
increase neurotransmitter effects
ex. nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines

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19
Q

antagonists (inhibitory)

A

depressants
slow neurotransmitter effects
ex. botox, alcohol, heroin, oxycodone

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20
Q

2 main divisions of the nervous system

A

central (CNS)

peripheral (PNS)

21
Q

parts of the CNS

A

brain, spinal cord

22
Q

parts of the PNS

A

nerves

23
Q

main functions of the brain

A 
homeostatic center
data integration
analyze info
intellect/reasoning
emotions
24
Q

main function of the spinal cord

A

relay info and responses between the brain and PNS

25
Q

the CNS is eclosed in

A

bone
meninges
cerebral spinal fluid
other: blood-brain barrier, ventricles

26
Q

(def) ventricle

A

hollow spaces within the brain filled with cerebral spinal fluid

27
Q

(def) cerebral spinal fluid

A

circulating fluid that surrounds the brain & spinal cord

28
Q

(func) cerebral spinal fluid

A

cushion
protect
keep surfaces moist

29
Q

4 parts of the WHOLE brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brain stem

30
Q

brain weighs

A

3 lbs

31
Q

(func) cerebrum

A 
higher brain functions
reasoning
thought
emotions
senses
process sensory info
32
Q

(func) cerebellum

A

involuntary movement of muscle fibers
coordination
posture
balance

33
Q

(func) diencephalon

A 
homeostasis
hunger
sleep
temperature
water balance
34
Q

(func) brain stem

A

relay station between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the spinal cord
regulating heart and respiratory functions
affects consciousness
sleep cycle regulation

35
Q

(func) corpus callosum

A

connects the brain’s left and right hemispheres

36
Q

human body (brain power)

A

pushing the limits

37
Q

how the brain makes time run slower

A

processes more in less time

ex. 50 snaps per minute becomes 100 snaps per 30 seconds

38
Q

how people enjoy eating unappetizing/painful foods

A

instinctual drives to obtain the nutrients we need
in terms of spicy foods: they send pain signals to the brain, then the brain releases endorphins. this gives a pleasurable sensation so we remember this later on

39
Q

chocolate & kissing affect the

A

the pleasure center

40
Q

how the brain changes the body during starvation

A

1 - drive to find food: chemical released to enhance muscles/high alert/sharpen problem solving
2 - survival: slow down to use less energy (muscles and organs), new cells grow slowly, unnecessary cells scarcely grow (hair and nails)
3 - eat itself: destroying protein (muscles)

41
Q

how the brain stays cool

A

sweating: blood carrries heat to the skin’s surface, sweat evaporates, blood cools, cools brain

42
Q

how the brain puts us to sleep

A

releases melatonin

43
Q

side-effects of not sleeping

A

not being at peak performance
irrational/poor decision making (frontal lobe)
imagining things/disorientation
brain shuts off, no matter the outcome

44
Q

the sensory process that stays on during sleep

A

hearing - temporal lobe

chemicals clean the byproducts of daily cell activity

45
Q

what part of the brain shuts down during sleep

A

frontal lobe: logic center

brain cells that worked throughout the day

46
Q

the reason we cannot move while dreaming

A

brain sends signals to the spinal cord, temporary paralyzing us

47
Q

lucid dreaming

A

“harnessing the sleeping brain’s power”

realizing you’re in a dream without waking and choosing what happens in the dream

48
Q

negative outcomes if we don’t dream

A

not filling away the information we learned throughout the day
not consolidating knowledge/memories
less imaginative

anatomy & physiology (8 decks)

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