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AAA BIO107: Cell and Molecular Biology > 4. Membrane Transport > Flashcards

4. Membrane Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

transferring specific water-soluble molecules and ions across their membranes

A

membrane transport proteins

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2
Q

allowing passive transmembrane movement, primarily of water and small inorganic ions. interact with the solute to be transported much weaklier

A

Channels

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2
Q

Passive transport

A

downhill

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2
Q

2 active transport

A

Secondary active transport
Primary transport

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2
Q

undergo sequential conformational changes to transport specific small molecules across membranes

A

transporters

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3
Q

Active transport

A

Uphill and uses ATP

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3
Q

2 passive transport

A

Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion

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3
Q

cannot transport certain amino acids (including cystine, the disulfide-linked dimer of cysteine) from either the urine or the intestine to the blood

A

cystinuria

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3
Q

their polypeptide chains traverse the lipid bilayer multiple times

A

multi pass transmembrane proteins

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3
Q

impermeable to ions

A

Lipid bilayers

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4
Q

“uphill”, against their electrochemical gradients

A

Active transport

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4
Q

uncharged molecule

A

concentration gradient

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4
Q

charged molecule

A

membrane potential

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4
Q

intermediate state, inaccessible

A

occluded

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4
Q

negative insided

A

electrical potential

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4
Q

three principal classes of ATP-driven pumps

A

P-type pumps
ABC transporters
V-type pumps

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4
Q

energy stored in concentration gradients

A

coupled transport

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5
Q

energy from light

A

light- or redox-driven pumps

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5
Q

hydrolysis of ATP

A

ATP-driven pumps

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5
Q

passive transport,

A

Uniporters

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5
Q

structurally and functionally related multipass trans membrane proteins. they phosphorylate themselves during the pumping cycle

A

P-type pumps

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5
Q

transfer of one solute depends on the transport of a second

A

coupled transporters

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6
Q

e the free energy of ATP hydrolysis is used to directly drive the transport of a solute against its concentration gradient.

A

primary active transport

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6
Q

transfer in the same direction

A

Symporters (co-transporters)

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6
Q

transfer in opposite direction

A

Antiporters (exchangers)

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6
Q

co-transported ion

A

Na+

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6
Q

The Na+ that enters the cell during coupled transport is sub sequently pumped out by an _____

A

ATP-driven Na+-K+ pump

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6
Q

ion-driven coupled transporters as just described are said to mediate

A

secondary active transport

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6
Q

pseudosymmetric

A

inverted repeats

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7
Q

T he first eukaryotic ABC transporters identified were discovered because of their ability to pump ___out of the cytosol.

A

hydrophobic drugs

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7
Q

differ structurally from P-type ATPases and primarily pump small molecules across cell membranes.

A

ABC transporters (ATP-Binding Cassette

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7
Q

turbine-like protein machines, constructed from multiple different subunits.

A

V-type pumps

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7
Q

intracellular storage of Ca2+ in muscle cells specialized type of endoplasmic reticulum that forms a network of tubular sacs

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

present at elevated levels in many human cancer cells and makes the cells simul taneously resistant

A

multidrug resistance (MDR) protein or P-glycoprotein

7
Q

use the H+ gradient across the membrane

A

F-type (ATP synthase)

7
Q

pumps Ca2+ out of the cell

A

Ca2+ ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum

8
Q

10 transmembrane α helices connected to three cytosolic domains

A

the nucleotide-binding domain (N)
the phosphorylation domain (P)
the activator domain (A)]

8
Q

release of Ca2+ into the cytosol (Ca+-release channels)

A

muscle contraction

8
Q

contains highly conserved ATPase domains

A

ABC transporters

8
Q

established Na+ and K+ gradient across the plasma membrane

A

Na+-K+ pump

8
Q

create an electric potential

A

Electrogenic

8
Q

connects the cytoplasm of two cells

A

gap junctions

8
Q

constitute the largest family of membrane transport proteins

A

ABC transporters

8
Q

cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR)

A

Cl- transport protein

8
Q

displayed at the cell surface for scrutiny by cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

TAP transporter

8
Q

receive, conduct, and transmit signals

A

Neurons

8
Q

causes malaria, pumps out chloroquine

A

Plasmodium falciparum

8
Q

open briefly and then close again

A

Gated

8
Q

tilting the inner helices

A

close K+ channels

8
Q

actively pumps a wide variety of peptides from the cytosol into the ER lumen

A

transporter associated with antigen processing, or TAP transporter

8
Q

membrane potential
K+ leak channels
active electrogenic pumping and from passive ion diffusion

A

Voltage-gated channel

8
Q

3 types of gated channels

A

Voltage-gated channel
Mechanically gated channels
Ligand-gated channel

8
Q

inorganic ion transport

A

ion channels

8
Q

structural and functional diversity alternative splicing of RNA transcripts

A

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

8
Q

water channels which allow water to move more rapidly

A

Aquaporins

8
Q

diffuse down electrochemical gradients

A

Channels

8
Q

changes in the electrical potential across the neuron’s plasma membrane

A

action potential or nerve impulse

8
Q

Ion channels that pass inorganic ions; selectivity filters

A

Ion selectivity

8
Q

polypeptide chain that connects the two transmembrane helices forms a short α helix a crucial loop that protrudes into the wide section of the cone to form the selectivity filter

A

pore helix

8
Q

An important subset of K+ channels opens even in an unstimulated or “resting” cell

A

K+ leak channels

8
Q

K+ ion must lose almost all of its bound water molecules

A

selectivity filter

8
Q

voltage-gated Na+ channels in skeletal muscle cells

A

Myotonia

8
Q

Numerous proteins are known to be capable of responding to such mechanical forces, and a large subset of those proteins has been identified as possible

A

mechanosensitive channels

8
Q

Na+ or K+ channels in the brain

A

Epilepsy

9
Q

the glial cells that myelinate axons in peripheral nerves

A

Schwann cells

9
Q

Myelin is formed by specialized non-neuronal supporting cells called

A

glial cells

9
Q

The myelin sheath is interrupted at regularly spaced where almost all the Na+ channels in the axon are concentrated

A

nodes of Ranvier

9
Q

photosensitive ion channels that open in response to light.
covalently bound retinal group * light-driven cation channel * revolutionized the study of neural circuits

A

Channelrhodopsins

9
Q

mechanical stretching of the lipid bilayer

A

Hypotonic

9
Q

allowing a small amount of Na+ to enter the cell down its electrochemical gradient.

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

9
Q

arrangement allows an action potential to prop agate along a myelinated axon by jumping from node to node

A

saltatory conduction

9
Q

glial cells that myelinate axons in central nerves

A

Oligodendrocytes

9
Q

Increases the Speed and Efficiency of Action Potential Propagation in Nerve Cells

A

Myelination

9
Q

neuronal signals are transmitted at?

A

Synapses

9
Q

open Cl- or K+ channels, suppresses firing

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters

9
Q

Process of synapsis

A

presynaptic cell – synaptic cleft postsynaptic cell

9
Q

open cation channels, influx of Na+ or Ca2+; firing an action potential

A

excitatory neurotransmitters

9
Q

Release of neurotransmitter from the

A

presynaptic cell

9
Q

bind to and open _____in the postsynaptic cell

A

transmitter-gated ion channel

9
Q

G-protein coupled receptors that bind to all other neurotransmitter

A

metabotropic receptors

9
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine, glutamate, serotonin

9
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine

9
Q

ion channels and feature at fast chemical synapses

A

ionotropic receptors

AAA BIO107: Cell and Molecular Biology (5 decks)

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