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AAA BIO107: Cell and Molecular Biology > 3. Membrane Structure > Flashcards

3. Membrane Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

encloses the cell, defines its boundaries, and maintains the essential differences between the cytosol and the extracellular environment

A

Plasma membrane

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2
Q

maintains the characteristics differences between the contents of each organelle and the cytosol

A

Plasma membrane

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3
Q

provides the basic fluid structure of the membrane and serves as a relatively impermeable barrier to the passage of most water-soluble molecules.

A

lipid bilayer

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4
Q

Tail of phospholipid

A

two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails

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5
Q

protein sensors which transfer information across membrane

A

receptors

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5
Q

main phospholipids, two long-chain fatty acids

A

Phosphoglycerides

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6
Q

span the lipid bilayer and mediate nearly all the other functions of the membrane

A

Membrane proteins

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6
Q

most abundant membrane lipids

A

Phospholipids

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6
Q

50% of the mass of the most animal cell membranes

A

lipids

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6
Q

Head of phospholipid

A

Phosphate group

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6
Q

most common sphingolipid

A

Sphingomyelin

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7
Q

from sphingosine (long acyl chain with an amino group (NH2) & two hydroxyl groups (OH)

A

Spingolipids

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7
Q

It creates kink in the tail

A

cis-double bonds (unsaturated)

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7
Q

3 types of phospholycerides

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylserine
phosphatidylcholine

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7
Q

a fatty acid tail is attached to the amino group, and a phosphocholine group is attached to the terminal hydroxyl group

A

Spingomyelin

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7
Q

able to diffuse freely within the plane of a lipid bilayer

A

Lipid bilayer

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7
Q

phospholipid molecules in synthetic bilayers very rarely migrate from the monolayer on one side to that on the other

A

Flip-flop

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8
Q

Hydrophobic tails sandwitched

A

Bilayers

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8
Q

Tail inward characteristics

A

Spherical micelles

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8
Q

contains a rigid ring structure, to which attached a single polar hydroxyl group and a short nonpolar hydrocarbon chain

A

Cholesterol

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8
Q

the lipids tend to rearrange spontaneously to eliminate the free edge

A

Self-sealing property

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8
Q

resemble sphingolipids; sugars

A

Glycolipids

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8
Q

The lipid bilayer contains an unpaired electron whose spin creates a paramagnetic signal that can be detected by

A

electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum

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8
Q

amphiphilic molecules spontaneously ___ to bury their hydrophobic tails in the interior

A

Aggregate

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8
Q

specialized membrane microdomains that serve as to organizing centers for assembly of signaling molecules

A

Lipid rafts

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8
Q

specialized for lipid storage that contain a giant liquid droplet

A

Fat cells or adipocytes

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8
Q

___ and ___ of the phospholipid molecules cause them to form bilayers spontaneously in aqueous environments.

A

Shape and amphiphilic nature

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8
Q

lipid molecules rapidly exchange places with their neighbors within a monolayer

A

Rapid lateral diffusion

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8
Q

catalyzes the rapid flip flop of phospholipids from one monolayer to the other

A

phospholipid translocators (flippases)

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8
Q

decrease mobility of the first few CH2 groups – makes lipid bilayer less deformable; decreases the permeability of the bilayer to small water-molecule * prevents the hydrocarbon chains from coming together and crystallizing

A

cholesterol

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8
Q

The lipid bilayer is a ____ fluid

A

Two-dimensional

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8
Q

modulates the properties of lipid bilayers and enhances the permeability-barrier properties

A

Cholesterol

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8
Q

How many carbon-long prenyl chains does archaea have?

A

20-25

8
Q

storage of lipid

A

Lipid droplets

8
Q

a change from a liquid state to a two-dimensional rigid crystalline state at a characteristic temperature

A

Phase transition

8
Q

Outer monolayer of RBC

A

phosphatidylcholine & sphingomyelin

8
Q

binds to the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane, where phosphatidylserine is concentrated, and requires this negatively charged phospholipid

A

protein kinase C (PKC)

8
Q

assembly of signaling molecules, influence membrane fluidity and trafficking of membrane proteins, and regulate different cellular processes such as neurotransmission and receptor trafficking

A

Lipid rafts

8
Q

Lipid bilayers can be built from molecules with similar features but __ __ __

A

different molecular designs

8
Q

neutral lipids: exclusively hydrophobic molecules, and therefore aggregate into 3 dimensional droplets

A

Triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters

8
Q

Important example of lipid kinase

A

phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)

8
Q

Lipid droplets forms rapidly when cells are exposed to?

A

high conc. of fatty acids

9
Q

Inner monolayer of RBC

A

phosphatidylethanolamine & phosphatidylserine

9
Q

What is the importance of lipid asymmetry?

A

in converting extracellular signals into intracellular one

10
Q

phospholipids in the cytosolic monolayer

A

phosphatidylinositol (PI)

11
Q

cleaves an inositol phospholipid in the cytosolic monolayer of the plasma membrane to generate two fragments, one of which remains in the membrane and helps activate protein kinase C, while the other is released into the cytosol and stimulates the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Phospholipase C

12
Q

translocate from the inner monolayer to the outer monolayer when cells undergo apoptosis

A

Phosphatidylserine

12
Q

Sugar-containing lipid molecules that have the most extreme asymmetry in their membrane distribution. are found exclusively in the monolayer facing away from the cytosol

A

Glycolipids

13
Q

charged glycolipids; important because of their electric effects

A

Gangliosides

13
Q

exposed apical surface; may help to protect the membrane against the harsh conditions

A

Epithelial cells

13
Q

asymmetric distribution of glycolipids in the bilayer results from the ____________ in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus

A

addition of sugar groups to the lipid molecules

14
Q

performs most of the membrane’s specific tasks and therefore give each type of cell membrane its characteristic functional properties

A

Membrane proteins

15
Q

Membrane proteins that extend through the lipid bilayer

A

Transmembrane proteins

15
Q

Archor used by the membrane proteins that are entirely exposed at the external cell surface, by a covalent linkage

A

glycosylphosphatidylinositol; GPI anchor

15
Q

do not extend into the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer at all; they are instead bound to either face of the membrane by noncovalent interactions with other membrane proteins

A

membrane-associated proteins

16
Q

do not extend into the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer; bound to either face of the membrane by noncovalent interactions

A

Peripheral proteins

17
Q

Membrane protein attachment by a fatty acid chain or a prenyl group

A

Myristoyl anchor
Palmitoyl anchor
Farnesyl anchor

17
Q

always has a unique orientation in the membrane, reflects both the asymmetric way it is inserted into the lipid bilayer in the ER during its biosynthesis

A

Transmembrane protein

18
Q

strands of a polypeptide chain to be arranges as a β sheet that is rolled up into a cylinder

A

multiple transmembrane

18
Q

The hydrogen-bonding between peptide bonds is maximized if the polypeptide chain forms a regular α helix as it crosses the bilayer

A

How most membrane-spanning segments traverse the bilayer

18
Q

Transmembrane proteins, the polypeptide chain crosses only once

A

single-pass transmembrane proteins

19
Q

the polypeptide chain crosses multiple times

A

multipass transmembrane proteins

19
Q

small amphiphilic molecules; more soluble in water than lipids

A

Detergents

19
Q

used to localize potential α– helical membrane spanning segments in a polypeptide chain

A

hydropathy plots

20
Q

Glycosylated: always present on the noncytosolic side of the membrane

A

oligosaccharide chains

20
Q

Nanodiscs can be analyzed _____ to determine their structure

A

by single particle electron microscopy techniques

21
Q

____ extensively coat the surface of all eukaryotic cells

A

Carbohydrates

21
Q

Glycosylated: form on the noncytosolic side, where they can help stabilize either the folded structure of the polypeptide chain or its association with other polypeptide

A

Disulfide bonds

21
Q

ionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate) or nonionic (octylglucoside and Triton)

A

Polar side

21
Q

small, uniformly sized patches of membrane that are surrounded by a belt of protein, which covers the exposed edge of the bilayer to keep the patch in solution

A

Nanodiscs

21
Q

surfactant concentration at which micelle formation is first seen in the solution

A

critical micelle concentration (CMC)

21
Q

function to capture light energy and use it to pump H+ across the membrane

A

photosynthetic reaction center

22
Q

able to move laterally within the membrane

A

Lateral diffusion

23
Q

involves marking the membrane protein of interest with a specific fluorescent group (GFP)

A

fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)

23
Q

measures lateral diffusion rates of membrane proteins

A

fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)

24
Q

labeling individual membrane molecules and track their movement by video microscopy

A

single-particle tracking

25
Q

certain plasma membrane enzymes and transport proteins are confined to the apical surface of the cells

A

epithelial cells

26
Q

create nanoscale raft domains that function in signaling and membrane trafficking

A

protein-protein interactions in membranes

27
Q

vesicle budding, cell movement, and cell division

A

shape is controlled dynamically

27
Q

long, thin, flexible rod; it maintains the structural integrity and shape of the plasma membrane

A

Spectrin

27
Q

enables the red cell to withstand the stress on its membrane as it is forced through narrow capillaries

A

spectrin-based cytoskeleton

28
Q

vesicle budding, cell movement, and cell division

A

shape is controlled dynamically

AAA BIO107: Cell and Molecular Biology (5 decks)

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