1. Cells and Genomes Flashcards by huh? yunjin.

the study of the structure, function, and
behavior of cells

cell biology

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distinguishes life from other processes,
in which orderly structures are generated
but without the same type of link between the peculiarities of parents and the peculiarities of offspring

heredity

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“the key to every biological problem must finally be sought in the cell; for every living organism is, or at some time has been a cell”

E.B. Wilson

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ribose, uracil (U) in place of thymine (T)

RNA

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what is the base

phosphate group

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long, unbranched, paired polymer chains,
formed always of the
same four types of
monomers.

DNA

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All living cells on Earth store their hereditary information in the form of _ _ _ _ _ _

double-stranded
molecules of DNA

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The shape of the RNA molecules may enable it to

recognize other molecules by binding to them selectively

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Production of two other key
classes of polymers

RNA and proteins

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nucleotide, consists of two parts: sugar and phosphate group

monomer

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4 bases

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

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DNA to RNA

transcription

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RNA to proteins

translation

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RNA transcripts are

mass-produced and disposable

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molecules that guide the synthesis of proteins according to the genetic instructions stored in the DNA

messenger RNA

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Function of RNA, it intermediates … ?

intermediates in the transfer of genetic information

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RNA molecules have distinctive structures that can also …?

give them specialized chemical capabilities

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interspersed among the segments
that code for protein; expression of individual genes

regulatory DNA

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Protein carries information in the form of a

the linear sequence of symbols

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monomer of proteins; 20 type

amino acids

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a segment of DNA sequence
corresponding to a single protein or
set of alternative protein variants or
to a single catalytic regulatory, or
structural RNA molecule

gene

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each cell is enclosed by a

plasma membrane

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consisting of a hydrophobic (water-insoluble) and a hydrophilic (water-soluble) parts, creating a bilayer

amphiphilic

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largely determine which molecules enter the cell

membrane transport proteins

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the minimum number of genes far a viable cell

not less than 300

a living cell with 530 genes, about 400 of which are essential

mycoplasma genitalium

DNA sequence of any given organism can be readily obtained by _ _ _

standard biochemical techniques

feeding on other living things or the organic chemicals they produce

organotrophic

prokaryotes live mostly as __ __or in loosely organized communities

independent individuals

feeding on rock

lithotrophic

feeding on sunlight

phototrophic

DNA, RNA, and protein are composed of just six elements

H, C, N, O, S, P

3 primary branches

archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes

genes that are related by descent

orthologs

may represent a change for the better or cause serious damage

alterations of nucleotide sequence

mutations and natural selection –

evolution of organisms

Prokaryotic cells live in an enormous variety of

ecological niches

their genomes are small, with genes packed closely together and minimal quantities of regulatory DNA between them

prokaryotic cell

detailed genome analyses have recently revealed that the first eukaryotic cell formed after a a particular type of

ancient archaeal cell engulfed an ancient bacterium

readily interpret such close family resemblances in terms of evolution from

common ancestor

function of molecules

biochemistry

4 modes of genetic innovation

1. Intragenic mutation 2. Gene duplication 3. DNA segment shuffling 4. Horizontal transfer

related genes that resulted from a gene duplication event

paralogs

The analysis of gene functions depends on two complementary approaches

genetics and biochemistry

small, rod-shaped bacteria. they are grown easily on simple nutrient broth

Escherichia coli

transfers occur much more frequently between different species of prokaryotes

horizontal gene

study of mutant

genetics

keeps the structure of the cell

cytoskeleton

from parent to offspring, sexual reproduction causes a large-scale horizontal transfer of genetic information between two initially separate cell lineages— those of the father and the mother

vertical transfer

have a remarkable capacity to take up even nonviral DNA molecules from surroundings, and thereby capture the genetic information

horizontal gene transfer

modern eukaryotic cells envolved from a symbiosis

mitochondria originated from free-living oxygen-metabolizing (aerobic) bacteria that were engulfed by an ancestral cell that could otherwise make no such use of oxygen (that is, was anaerobic).

bigger and more elaborate than prokaryotic cells, and their genomes are bigger

eukaryotic cells

possesses mitochondria and have a tough outer wall

fungi

adapts to variable chemical conditions and reproduces rapidly, evolve by mutation and selection at a remarkable speed

E. coli

plant cells lost the ability to do phagocytosis having a

tough, protective cell wall

first eukaryotic cells formed after an

archaeal cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium

they have their own genome; originated as symbiotic photosynthetic bacteria

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Has Been Chosen Out of 300,000 Species As a Model Plant

Arabidopsis

they act by binding, directly or indirectly, to the regulatory DNA adjacent to the genes that are to be controlled, or by interfering with the abilities of other proteins to do so

transcription regulators

regulate the expression of adjacent genes

regulatory DNA

_____ has ___ DNA that does not code for protein compare to ________

eukaryotes, more, prokaryotes

how many of human genome do not code for proteins?

98.5%

model organisms for molecular genetic studies (5)

* nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans * the fly Drosophila melanogaster * the zebrafish Danio rerio * the mouse Mus musculus * the human, Homo sapiens

small, single-celled; closely related to animals as it is to plants

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

vertebrate genome: whole-genome duplications do occur from time to time in evolution

frog genus Xenopus

how to trace the chain of cause and effect from the genetic instructions encoded in the chromosomal DNA to the structure of the adult multicellular body

Drosophila melanogaster

why arabidopsis?

produces thousands of offspring per plant after 8-10weeks

compact genome, generation time of 3 months, many mutants are known, and genetic engineering is relatively easy

zebrafish

embryonic development: eggs are big, easy to manipulate, fertilized outside the animal

frogs

predominant Mammalian Model Organism

mouse

Why mouse is considered for mammalian model organism?

many naturally occurring mutations are known, often mimicking the effects of corresponding mutations in humans

catalog our own genetic disorders

humans