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AAA BIO107: Cell and Molecular Biology > 1. Cells and Genomes > Flashcards

1. Cells and Genomes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the study of the structure, function, and
behavior of cells

A

cell biology

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2
Q

distinguishes life from other processes,
in which orderly structures are generated
but without the same type of link between the peculiarities of parents and the peculiarities of offspring

A

heredity

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2
Q

“the key to every biological problem must finally be sought in the cell; for every living organism is, or at some time has been a cell”

A

E.B. Wilson

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3
Q

ribose, uracil (U) in place of thymine (T)

A

RNA

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4
Q

what is the base

A

phosphate group

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4
Q

long, unbranched, paired polymer chains,
formed always of the
same four types of
monomers.

A

DNA

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4
Q

All living cells on Earth store their hereditary information in the form of _ _ _ _ _ _

A

double-stranded
molecules of DNA

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4
Q

The shape of the RNA molecules may enable it to

A

recognize other molecules by binding to them selectively

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4
Q

Production of two other key
classes of polymers

A

RNA and proteins

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5
Q

nucleotide, consists of two parts: sugar and phosphate group

A

monomer

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6
Q

4 bases

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

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7
Q

DNA to RNA

A

transcription

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7
Q

RNA to proteins

A

translation

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8
Q

RNA transcripts are

A

mass-produced and disposable

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9
Q

molecules that guide the synthesis of proteins according to the genetic instructions stored in the DNA

A

messenger RNA

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9
Q

Function of RNA, it intermediates … ?

A

intermediates in the transfer of genetic information

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9
Q

RNA molecules have distinctive structures that can also …?

A

give them specialized chemical capabilities

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9
Q

interspersed among the segments
that code for protein; expression of individual genes

A

regulatory DNA

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10
Q

Protein carries information in the form of a

A

the linear sequence of symbols

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10
Q

monomer of proteins; 20 type

A

amino acids

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10
Q

a segment of DNA sequence
corresponding to a single protein or
set of alternative protein variants or
to a single catalytic regulatory, or
structural RNA molecule

A

gene

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10
Q

each cell is enclosed by a

A

plasma membrane

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11
Q

consisting of a hydrophobic (water-insoluble) and a hydrophilic (water-soluble) parts, creating a bilayer

A

amphiphilic

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12
Q

largely determine which molecules enter the cell

A

membrane transport proteins

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12
Q

the minimum number of
genes far a viable cell

A

not less than 300

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12
Q

a living cell with 530
genes, about 400 of which
are essential

A

mycoplasma genitalium

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13
Q

DNA sequence of any given
organism can be readily
obtained by _ _ _

A

standard biochemical techniques

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14
Q

feeding on other living things or
the organic chemicals they produce

A

organotrophic

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14
Q

prokaryotes live mostly as __ __or in loosely organized communities

A

independent individuals

15
Q

feeding on rock

A

lithotrophic

15
Q

feeding on sunlight

A

phototrophic

16
Q

DNA, RNA, and protein are composed of just six elements

A

H, C, N, O, S, P

17
Q

3 primary branches

A

archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes

17
Q

genes that are related by descent

A

orthologs

17
Q

may represent a change for the
better or cause serious damage

A

alterations of nucleotide sequence

17
Q

mutations and natural selection –

A

evolution of organisms

17
Q

Prokaryotic cells live in an enormous variety of

A

ecological niches

17
Q

their genomes are small, with
genes packed closely together and minimal quantities of regulatory DNA between them

A

prokaryotic cell

18
Q

detailed genome analyses have
recently revealed that the first
eukaryotic cell formed after a
a particular type of

A

ancient archaeal cell engulfed an ancient bacterium

18
Q

readily interpret such close family
resemblances in terms of evolution from

A

common ancestor

18
Q

function of molecules

A

biochemistry

18
Q

4 modes of genetic innovation

A
  1. Intragenic mutation
  2. Gene duplication
  3. DNA segment shuffling
  4. Horizontal transfer
18
Q

related genes that resulted from a gene duplication event

A

paralogs

19
Q

The analysis of gene functions
depends on two complementary
approaches

A

genetics and biochemistry

19
Q

small, rod-shaped bacteria. they are grown easily on simple
nutrient broth

A

Escherichia coli

19
Q

transfers occur much more frequently between different species of prokaryotes

A

horizontal gene

19
Q

study of mutant

A

genetics

19
Q

keeps the structure of the cell

A

cytoskeleton

19
Q

from parent to offspring,
sexual reproduction causes a
large-scale horizontal transfer of
genetic information between two
initially separate cell lineages—
those of the father and the
mother

A

vertical transfer

19
Q

have a remarkable capacity to
take up even nonviral DNA
molecules from surroundings,
and thereby capture the
genetic information

A

horizontal gene transfer

19
Q

modern eukaryotic cells envolved from a symbiosis

A

mitochondria originated from free-living oxygen-metabolizing
(aerobic) bacteria that were engulfed by an ancestral cell that could otherwise make no such use of oxygen (that is, was anaerobic).

20
Q

bigger and more elaborate than
prokaryotic cells, and their genomes are bigger

A

eukaryotic cells

20
Q

possesses mitochondria
and have a tough outer wall

A

fungi

20
Q

adapts to variable chemical
conditions and reproduces
rapidly, evolve by mutation and
selection at a remarkable
speed

A

E. coli

20
Q

plant cells lost the ability to do
phagocytosis having a

A

tough, protective cell wall

20
Q

first eukaryotic cells formed
after an

A

archaeal cell engulfed an aerobic
bacterium

20
Q

they have their own
genome; originated as
symbiotic photosynthetic
bacteria

A

mitochondria and
chloroplasts

20
Q

Has Been Chosen Out of
300,000 Species As a Model Plant

A

Arabidopsis

20
Q

they act by binding, directly or
indirectly, to the regulatory
DNA adjacent to the genes
that are to be controlled, or
by interfering with the
abilities of other proteins to
do so

A

transcription regulators

20
Q

regulate the expression of adjacent genes

A

regulatory DNA

21
Q

_____ has ___ DNA that does not code for protein
compare to ________

A

eukaryotes, more, prokaryotes

21
Q

how many of human genome do not code for proteins?

A

98.5%

21
Q

model organisms for molecular
genetic studies (5)

A
  • nematode worm Caenorhabditis
    elegans
  • the fly Drosophila melanogaster
  • the zebrafish Danio rerio
  • the mouse Mus musculus
  • the human, Homo sapiens
21
Q

small, single-celled; closely
related to animals as it is to
plants

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

21
Q

vertebrate genome: whole-genome duplications do occur
from time to time in evolution

A

frog genus Xenopus

21
Q

how to trace the chain of
cause and effect from the
genetic instructions encoded
in the chromosomal DNA to
the structure of the adult
multicellular body

A

Drosophila melanogaster

21
Q

why arabidopsis?

A

produces thousands of
offspring per plant after
8-10weeks

21
Q

compact genome, generation time of 3 months, many mutants are known, and genetic engineering is relatively easy

A

zebrafish

22
Q

embryonic development: eggs are big, easy to manipulate, fertilized outside the animal

A

frogs

22
Q

predominant Mammalian
Model Organism

A

mouse

23
Q

Why mouse is considered for mammalian model organism?

A

many naturally occurring mutations are known, often
mimicking the effects of corresponding mutations in
humans

24
Q

catalog our own
genetic disorders

A

humans

AAA BIO107: Cell and Molecular Biology (5 decks)

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