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OB GYNE 4 > 4 Maternal diseases > Flashcards

4 Maternal diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 Maternal Infections

A
  1. TORCH infections
  2. Viral infections
  3. Bacterial infections
  4. Parasitic infections
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2
Q

What is the function of the placenta? (3)

A
  1. exchange gas
  2. exchange nutrients
  3. exchange Waste products
    * *between the mother and fetus
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3
Q

Harm to the fetus can be ____ or _____ ?

A

Direct of indirect

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4
Q

How does harm to the fetus happen Directly?

A

Transmission of disease directly to fetus

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5
Q

How does harm to the fetus happen indirectly?

A

By disease affecting the placenta

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6
Q

What does indirect disease affecting the placenta result in?

A

decreased placental flow which will compromise the IUGR

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7
Q

When does the infections Early in the pregnancy usually result in?

A

spontaneous abortions

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8
Q

Early in the pregnancy

A

spontaneous abortions

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9
Q

What stage does the infection resulting in adverse health effects happen in?

A

Organogensis refers to that period of time during development when the organs are being formed

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10
Q

During Organogensis what 2 fetal effects happen?

A

Parenchymal cells form abnormally

blood vessels are affected

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11
Q

When does the infections later in the pregnancy usually result in?

A

IUGR or stillbirth

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12
Q

What does TORCH stand for?

A 
Toxoplasmosis
Other transplacental infections
Rubella (German Measles)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Herpes Simplex
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13
Q

What are 6 subcatergories of “O” in TORCH ( OTher)?

A 
Syphilis
Chlamydia
Varicella-zoster
HIV
Measles
5th disease-Parvo virus
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14
Q

What are features of the fetus with TORCH infections

(long list ) 10..

A 
Brain Calcifications
Conjunctivitis
Cataracts
Enlarged spleen
Heart disease 
Hepatitis and Jaundice
Pneumonia
Small head
Small eyes 
Skin hemorrhages
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15
Q

What are the 4 HUMAN herpes virus

VIRAL infections

A
  1. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  2. Herpes Simplex virus Type 2
  3. Varicella Zoster virus - Chickenpox
  4. Epstein-Barr virus -mononucleosis
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16
Q

What are 3 other viral infections

A
  1. Parovirus - the 5th infection
  2. Rubella- German measles
  3. Zika
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17
Q

Where is it found Cytomegalovirus (mild infection)

A

largely populated areas

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18
Q

Have many moms already had CMV? YES OR NO

A

Yes

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19
Q

Women who have already had CMV have?

A

Antibodies, meaning they already are immune and will not contract the infection again!

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20
Q

When does the danger arise to the fetus with CMV?

A

When a PRIMARY infection occurs in pregnancy

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21
Q

Feature of CMV in the fetus

A 
Hydrops
Brain Atrophy - ventriculomegaly  (small brain lets ventricles get bigger)
Intracranial calcification
Hyperechoic bowel/calcifications
IUGR
Polyhydramnios
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22
Q

What is a sonographic finding in the ventricles with CMV?

A

Periventricular hyperechoic nodules

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23
Q

Maternal genital herpes is usually acquired from ?

A

Herpes Virus Type 2 (rarely from type 1=oral)

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24
Q

When is the greatest risk of transmission WITH herpes type 2 occurs?

A

In initial maternal infection contracted in the second half of pregnancy

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25
Q

____ Maternal infection during the ____ half of pregnancy results in increased_____ and ______

A

Primary; first; spontaneous abortions; stillbirth

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26
Q

Features of Herpes in the Fetus include: (7)

A 
Microcephaly 
Ventriculomegaly or even hydranecephaly 
IUGR
Cataracts
Micropthalmia
Hepatosplenomegaly 
Premature delivery
27
Q

What is the Chicken pox virus known as?

A

Varicella Zoster virus

28
Q

When does the chicken pox virus affect the mother?

A

1st and 2nd trimester

29
Q

Chicken pox is a ____ abnormality

A

Congenital

30
Q

What is the disease that occurs within 3rd trimester maternal infection

A

Postnatal newborn disease

31
Q

What is also known as herpes zoster or zoster, is caused by the varicella zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox

A

Shingles

can occur month to a year after birth

32
Q

Fetal Features of Chicken pox (8)

A 
Demise
IUGR
MSK abnormalities - club feet, limb aplasia
Hydrops and polyhydramnios
Microcephaly (brain atrophy)
Ventriculomegaly 
Brain calcifications 
Microphthalmia
33
Q

What is a common childhood viral infection but not usually associated with pregnancy ?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

34
Q

What does Epstein Barr virus cause?

A

Mononucleosis

35
Q

What are some sonographic features of Epstein-Barr virus

A 
Spontaneous abortion
Stillbirth
IUGR
Microcephaly 
Congenital heart abnormalities
36
Q

What is “the 5th infection” also called?

A

Parvovirus

37
Q

Parvovirus is referred to as the ___ ___ virus

A

“slap cheek”
Red cheeks in child

NOT the virus that effect pets and is not transmitted between humans and pets

38
Q

Is the parvovirus common among adults or children?

A

Children

39
Q

Most moms have had the parvovirus as a child resulting in them having_____?

A

antibodies

40
Q

Features of parvovirus in the fetus (5)

A 
Nonimmune hydrops fetalis anemia
hepatosplenomegaly
Polyhydramnios
placental enlargement
Heart failure
41
Q

What is used to assess fetal anemia?

A

MCA (middle cerebral artery) doppler using peak velocity

42
Q

HIV can be transmitted from mother to infant near or at

A

delivery

43
Q

Transmission of HIV depends on ? (3)

A

the number of maternal HIV particles
the effectiveness of the placental barrier
maternal/fetal immune response

44
Q

Causes of HIV (4)

A

IUGR
Hepatomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Premature delivery

45
Q

What is another name for Rubella?

A

German Measels

46
Q

What does Rubella cause?

A

malformations in the first trimester

47
Q

The ___ the infection of rubella the more severe the congenital defects

A

earlier

48
Q

The congenital defects of Rubella (3)

A

Cataracts
Cardiac defects
Deafness

49
Q

The nonspecific abnormalities in Rubella

A

IUGR
Cardiac and great vessel abnormalities
Microcephaly
Microphthalmas

50
Q

Traveling has a high risk of this virus

A

Zika Virus

51
Q

Association between Zika and ?

A

Microcephaly

HC >2 standard deviations below normality

52
Q

Syphilis with early infection can lead to ?

A

Spontaneous abortion

53
Q

Syphilis with late infection can lead to to neonatal…. (4)

A

Hepatomegaly
Hyperbilirubinemia
Evidence of hemolysis (hydrops)
Generalized lymphadenopathy

still born

54
Q

Gonorrhea can result in ___ an ___ in the neonate

A

meningitis and arthritis

55
Q

Gonorrhea and Syphilis can be treated with ___ or ____?

A

Penicillin or other antibiotics

56
Q

Gonorrhea in pregnancy can lead to

A

IUGR
Chorioamnionitits
PROM
Prematurity

57
Q

Parasitic infections include (2)

A

Toxoplasmosis

Malaria

58
Q

Toxoplasmosis is often from

A

Cat feces

59
Q

Toxoplasmosis has higher risk of being transferred more _____in pregnancy

A

later

due to increased placental surface area.

60
Q

Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted through

A

undercooked or raw meat-lamb or pork

61
Q

Toxoplasmosis fetal features include (7)

A 
Ventriculomegaly
Cerebral calcification
Microcephaly
Hepatosplenomegaly
General hydrops (from myocarditis)
IUGR
Demise
62
Q

Placental insufficiency resulting in IUGR, low brith weight, abortion and still birth can be from?

A

Malaria

63
Q

What manages Toxoplasmosis and Malaria in pregnancy?

A

Antiparasitic drug therapy

64
Q

Antipatasitic drug therapy may be?

A

teratogen- an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus.

OB GYNE 4 (11 decks)

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