4 Maternal diseases Flashcards
What are the 4 Maternal Infections
- TORCH infections
- Viral infections
- Bacterial infections
- Parasitic infections
What is the function of the placenta? (3)
- exchange gas
- exchange nutrients
- exchange Waste products
* *between the mother and fetus
Harm to the fetus can be ____ or _____ ?
Direct of indirect
How does harm to the fetus happen Directly?
Transmission of disease directly to fetus
How does harm to the fetus happen indirectly?
By disease affecting the placenta
What does indirect disease affecting the placenta result in?
decreased placental flow which will compromise the IUGR
When does the infections Early in the pregnancy usually result in?
spontaneous abortions
Early in the pregnancy
spontaneous abortions
What stage does the infection resulting in adverse health effects happen in?
Organogensis refers to that period of time during development when the organs are being formed
During Organogensis what 2 fetal effects happen?
Parenchymal cells form abnormally
blood vessels are affected
When does the infections later in the pregnancy usually result in?
IUGR or stillbirth
What does TORCH stand for?
Toxoplasmosis Other transplacental infections Rubella (German Measles) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Herpes Simplex
What are 6 subcatergories of “O” in TORCH ( OTher)?
Syphilis Chlamydia Varicella-zoster HIV Measles 5th disease-Parvo virus
What are features of the fetus with TORCH infections
(long list ) 10..
Brain Calcifications Conjunctivitis Cataracts Enlarged spleen Heart disease Hepatitis and Jaundice Pneumonia Small head Small eyes Skin hemorrhages
What are the 4 HUMAN herpes virus
VIRAL infections
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Herpes Simplex virus Type 2
- Varicella Zoster virus - Chickenpox
- Epstein-Barr virus -mononucleosis
What are 3 other viral infections
- Parovirus - the 5th infection
- Rubella- German measles
- Zika
Where is it found Cytomegalovirus (mild infection)
largely populated areas
Have many moms already had CMV? YES OR NO
Yes
Women who have already had CMV have?
Antibodies, meaning they already are immune and will not contract the infection again!
When does the danger arise to the fetus with CMV?
When a PRIMARY infection occurs in pregnancy
Feature of CMV in the fetus
Hydrops Brain Atrophy - ventriculomegaly (small brain lets ventricles get bigger) Intracranial calcification Hyperechoic bowel/calcifications IUGR Polyhydramnios
What is a sonographic finding in the ventricles with CMV?
Periventricular hyperechoic nodules
Maternal genital herpes is usually acquired from ?
Herpes Virus Type 2 (rarely from type 1=oral)
When is the greatest risk of transmission WITH herpes type 2 occurs?
In initial maternal infection contracted in the second half of pregnancy
____ Maternal infection during the ____ half of pregnancy results in increased_____ and ______
Primary; first; spontaneous abortions; stillbirth
Features of Herpes in the Fetus include: (7)
Microcephaly Ventriculomegaly or even hydranecephaly IUGR Cataracts Micropthalmia Hepatosplenomegaly Premature delivery
What is the Chicken pox virus known as?
Varicella Zoster virus
When does the chicken pox virus affect the mother?
1st and 2nd trimester
Chicken pox is a ____ abnormality
Congenital
What is the disease that occurs within 3rd trimester maternal infection
Postnatal newborn disease
What is also known as herpes zoster or zoster, is caused by the varicella zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox
Shingles
can occur month to a year after birth
Fetal Features of Chicken pox (8)
Demise IUGR MSK abnormalities - club feet, limb aplasia Hydrops and polyhydramnios Microcephaly (brain atrophy) Ventriculomegaly Brain calcifications Microphthalmia
What is a common childhood viral infection but not usually associated with pregnancy ?
Epstein-Barr virus
What does Epstein Barr virus cause?
Mononucleosis
What are some sonographic features of Epstein-Barr virus
Spontaneous abortion Stillbirth IUGR Microcephaly Congenital heart abnormalities
What is “the 5th infection” also called?
Parvovirus
Parvovirus is referred to as the ___ ___ virus
“slap cheek”
Red cheeks in child
NOT the virus that effect pets and is not transmitted between humans and pets
Is the parvovirus common among adults or children?
Children
Most moms have had the parvovirus as a child resulting in them having_____?
antibodies
Features of parvovirus in the fetus (5)
Nonimmune hydrops fetalis anemia hepatosplenomegaly Polyhydramnios placental enlargement Heart failure
What is used to assess fetal anemia?
MCA (middle cerebral artery) doppler using peak velocity
HIV can be transmitted from mother to infant near or at
delivery
Transmission of HIV depends on ? (3)
the number of maternal HIV particles
the effectiveness of the placental barrier
maternal/fetal immune response
Causes of HIV (4)
IUGR
Hepatomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Premature delivery
What is another name for Rubella?
German Measels
What does Rubella cause?
malformations in the first trimester
The ___ the infection of rubella the more severe the congenital defects
earlier
The congenital defects of Rubella (3)
Cataracts
Cardiac defects
Deafness
The nonspecific abnormalities in Rubella
IUGR
Cardiac and great vessel abnormalities
Microcephaly
Microphthalmas
Traveling has a high risk of this virus
Zika Virus
Association between Zika and ?
Microcephaly
HC >2 standard deviations below normality
Syphilis with early infection can lead to ?
Spontaneous abortion
Syphilis with late infection can lead to to neonatal…. (4)
Hepatomegaly
Hyperbilirubinemia
Evidence of hemolysis (hydrops)
Generalized lymphadenopathy
still born
Gonorrhea can result in ___ an ___ in the neonate
meningitis and arthritis
Gonorrhea and Syphilis can be treated with ___ or ____?
Penicillin or other antibiotics
Gonorrhea in pregnancy can lead to
IUGR
Chorioamnionitits
PROM
Prematurity
Parasitic infections include (2)
Toxoplasmosis
Malaria
Toxoplasmosis is often from
Cat feces
Toxoplasmosis has higher risk of being transferred more _____in pregnancy
later
due to increased placental surface area.
Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted through
undercooked or raw meat-lamb or pork
Toxoplasmosis fetal features include (7)
Ventriculomegaly Cerebral calcification Microcephaly Hepatosplenomegaly General hydrops (from myocarditis) IUGR Demise
Placental insufficiency resulting in IUGR, low brith weight, abortion and still birth can be from?
Malaria
What manages Toxoplasmosis and Malaria in pregnancy?
Antiparasitic drug therapy
Antipatasitic drug therapy may be?
teratogen- an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus.
