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OB GYNE 4 > 4 Maternal diseases > Flashcards

4 Maternal diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 Maternal Infections

A
  1. TORCH infections
  2. Viral infections
  3. Bacterial infections
  4. Parasitic infections
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2
Q

What is the function of the placenta? (3)

A
  1. exchange gas
  2. exchange nutrients
  3. exchange Waste products
    * *between the mother and fetus
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3
Q

Harm to the fetus can be ____ or _____ ?

A

Direct of indirect

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4
Q

How does harm to the fetus happen Directly?

A

Transmission of disease directly to fetus

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5
Q

How does harm to the fetus happen indirectly?

A

By disease affecting the placenta

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6
Q

What does indirect disease affecting the placenta result in?

A

decreased placental flow which will compromise the IUGR

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7
Q

When does the infections Early in the pregnancy usually result in?

A

spontaneous abortions

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8
Q

Early in the pregnancy

A

spontaneous abortions

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9
Q

What stage does the infection resulting in adverse health effects happen in?

A

Organogensis refers to that period of time during development when the organs are being formed

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10
Q

During Organogensis what 2 fetal effects happen?

A

Parenchymal cells form abnormally

blood vessels are affected

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11
Q

When does the infections later in the pregnancy usually result in?

A

IUGR or stillbirth

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12
Q

What does TORCH stand for?

A 
Toxoplasmosis
Other transplacental infections
Rubella (German Measles)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Herpes Simplex
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13
Q

What are 6 subcatergories of “O” in TORCH ( OTher)?

A 
Syphilis
Chlamydia
Varicella-zoster
HIV
Measles
5th disease-Parvo virus
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14
Q

What are features of the fetus with TORCH infections

(long list ) 10..

A 
Brain Calcifications
Conjunctivitis
Cataracts
Enlarged spleen
Heart disease 
Hepatitis and Jaundice
Pneumonia
Small head
Small eyes 
Skin hemorrhages
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15
Q

What are the 4 HUMAN herpes virus

VIRAL infections

A
  1. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  2. Herpes Simplex virus Type 2
  3. Varicella Zoster virus - Chickenpox
  4. Epstein-Barr virus -mononucleosis
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16
Q

What are 3 other viral infections

A
  1. Parovirus - the 5th infection
  2. Rubella- German measles
  3. Zika
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17
Q

Where is it found Cytomegalovirus (mild infection)

A

largely populated areas

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18
Q

Have many moms already had CMV? YES OR NO

A

Yes

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19
Q

Women who have already had CMV have?

A

Antibodies, meaning they already are immune and will not contract the infection again!

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20
Q

When does the danger arise to the fetus with CMV?

A

When a PRIMARY infection occurs in pregnancy

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21
Q

Feature of CMV in the fetus

A 
Hydrops
Brain Atrophy - ventriculomegaly  (small brain lets ventricles get bigger)
Intracranial calcification
Hyperechoic bowel/calcifications
IUGR
Polyhydramnios
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22
Q

What is a sonographic finding in the ventricles with CMV?

A

Periventricular hyperechoic nodules

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23
Q

Maternal genital herpes is usually acquired from ?

A

Herpes Virus Type 2 (rarely from type 1=oral)

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24
Q

When is the greatest risk of transmission WITH herpes type 2 occurs?

A

In initial maternal infection contracted in the second half of pregnancy

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25
____ Maternal infection during the ____ half of pregnancy results in increased_____ and ______
Primary; first; spontaneous abortions; stillbirth
26
Features of Herpes in the Fetus include: (7)
``` Microcephaly Ventriculomegaly or even hydranecephaly IUGR Cataracts Micropthalmia Hepatosplenomegaly Premature delivery ```
27
What is the Chicken pox virus known as?
Varicella Zoster virus
28
When does the chicken pox virus affect the mother?
1st and 2nd trimester
29
Chicken pox is a ____ abnormality
Congenital
30
What is the disease that occurs within 3rd trimester maternal infection
Postnatal newborn disease
31
What is also known as herpes zoster or zoster, is caused by the varicella zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox
Shingles | can occur month to a year after birth
32
Fetal Features of Chicken pox (8)
``` Demise IUGR MSK abnormalities - club feet, limb aplasia Hydrops and polyhydramnios Microcephaly (brain atrophy) Ventriculomegaly Brain calcifications Microphthalmia ```
33
What is a common childhood viral infection but not usually associated with pregnancy ?
Epstein-Barr virus
34
What does Epstein Barr virus cause?
Mononucleosis
35
What are some sonographic features of Epstein-Barr virus
``` Spontaneous abortion Stillbirth IUGR Microcephaly Congenital heart abnormalities ```
36
What is "the 5th infection" also called?
Parvovirus
37
Parvovirus is referred to as the ___ ___ virus
"slap cheek" Red cheeks in child NOT the virus that effect pets and is not transmitted between humans and pets
38
Is the parvovirus common among adults or children?
Children
39
Most moms have had the parvovirus as a child resulting in them having_____?
antibodies
40
Features of parvovirus in the fetus (5)
``` Nonimmune hydrops fetalis anemia hepatosplenomegaly Polyhydramnios placental enlargement Heart failure ```
41
What is used to assess fetal anemia?
MCA (middle cerebral artery) doppler using peak velocity
42
HIV can be transmitted from mother to infant near or at
delivery
43
Transmission of HIV depends on ? (3)
the number of maternal HIV particles the effectiveness of the placental barrier maternal/fetal immune response
44
Causes of HIV (4)
IUGR Hepatomegaly Lymphadenopathy Premature delivery
45
What is another name for Rubella?
German Measels
46
What does Rubella cause?
malformations in the first trimester
47
The ___ the infection of rubella the more severe the congenital defects
earlier
48
The congenital defects of Rubella (3)
Cataracts Cardiac defects Deafness
49
The nonspecific abnormalities in Rubella
IUGR Cardiac and great vessel abnormalities Microcephaly Microphthalmas
50
Traveling has a high risk of this virus
Zika Virus
51
Association between Zika and ?
Microcephaly | HC >2 standard deviations below normality
52
Syphilis with early infection can lead to ?
Spontaneous abortion
53
Syphilis with late infection can lead to to neonatal.... (4)
Hepatomegaly Hyperbilirubinemia Evidence of hemolysis (hydrops) Generalized lymphadenopathy still born
54
Gonorrhea can result in ___ an ___ in the neonate
meningitis and arthritis
55
Gonorrhea and Syphilis can be treated with ___ or ____?
Penicillin or other antibiotics
56
Gonorrhea in pregnancy can lead to
IUGR Chorioamnionitits PROM Prematurity
57
Parasitic infections include (2)
Toxoplasmosis | Malaria
58
Toxoplasmosis is often from
Cat feces
59
Toxoplasmosis has higher risk of being transferred more _____in pregnancy
later | due to increased placental surface area.
60
Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted through
undercooked or raw meat-lamb or pork
61
Toxoplasmosis fetal features include (7)
``` Ventriculomegaly Cerebral calcification Microcephaly Hepatosplenomegaly General hydrops (from myocarditis) IUGR Demise ```
62
Placental insufficiency resulting in IUGR, low brith weight, abortion and still birth can be from?
Malaria
63
What manages Toxoplasmosis and Malaria in pregnancy?
Antiparasitic drug therapy
64
Antipatasitic drug therapy may be?
teratogen- an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus.

OB GYNE 4 (11 decks)

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