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HaDSoc > 4: Lay beliefs, health promotion > Flashcards

4: Lay beliefs, health promotion Flashcards

1
Q

What can lay beliefs impact on?

A
  • Health behaviour
  • Illness behaviour
  • Adherence
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2
Q

What are 3 broad groups to classify extent of adherence?

A
  • Deniers and distancers e- don’t take drugs, or accept they have the diseas
  • Acceptors
  • Pragmatists - only take medication when symptomatic
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3
Q

What are lay beliefs?

A

Constructed by people to understand areas of their life about which they have little specialist knowledge.
Social embedded, complex.
May cause rejection of medical information if it is incompatible with competing ideas for which it is considered they have good evidence.
Not entirely independent from professional concepts

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4
Q

What is lay epidemiology?

A
  • An understanding of how and why illness happens
  • Based on personal, familial and social knowledge sources
  • Candidancy - why it happens to a particular person at a particular time
  • System is FALLIBLE
  • People take away their individual responsibility - implications for health promotion
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5
Q

What are 3 broad definitions of health?

A
  • Negative
  • Positive
  • Functional
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6
Q

What is the negative definition of health?

A
  • Absence of illness
  • Lower SE groups
  • Short term view
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7
Q

What is the positive definition of health?

A
  • A state of wellbeing and fitness
  • Higher SE groups
  • Health is a long term investment - benefits of health behaviours more evident
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8
Q

What is the functional definition of health?

A
  • The ability to do certain things

- Lower SE groups and older people

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9
Q

What is a health behaviour?

A

Activity taken to maintain health and prevent illness

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10
Q

What is a sick role behaviour?

A

Formal response to symptoms, seeking professional help, acting as a patient

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11
Q

What is illness behaviour?

A

Activity of a person to define illness and seek solution.
Influenced by various factors - culture, saliency of symptoms, tolerance threshold, understanding, lay referral etc
Powerful social sanctioning of hypochondriac behaviour

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12
Q

What is the illness/symptom iceberg?

A

Most symptoms never present to a doctor, therefore the number of cases identified is far outnumbered by that not identified

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13
Q

What is lay referral?

A

The chain of advice seeking contacts and ill person makes with other lay people before/instead of seeking help from a HCP

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14
Q

What themes influence seeking advice?

A

Symptom experience
Symptom evaluation
Knowledge of disease and treatment
Experience and attitudes to HCPs

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15
Q

What are the main global social causes of ill health?

A
  • Poverty
  • Social exclusion
  • Poor housing
  • Poor health systems
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16
Q

Why is it inappropriate to

  • Blame people for poor health?
  • Credit people for good health?
A

Context of people’s lives determines their health
Unlikely to be able to directly control many aspects of their life
Adversity = lack of choice

17
Q

What are the 3 types of prevention?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

18
Q

What is primary prevention?

What are the 4 main approaches?

A

Prevent the onset of injury or disease

  • Immunisation
  • Prevent exposure to environmental risk factor e.g. smoking cessation
  • Precautions RE communicable disease
  • Reducing risk factors- health related behaviours
19
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Aims to detect and treat a disease/risk factor at an early stage
Prevent progression
Screening, BP monitoring

20
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Minimise the effects of an established disease

Maximise remaining capability and functions of an already disabled patient.

21
Q

What is health promotion?

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.

22
Q

What are the principles of health promotion?

A
  • Empowering - over determinants of health
  • Participatory
  • Holistic
  • Intersectoral
  • Equitable
  • Sustainable
  • Multi-strategy
23
Q

What is the difference between health promotion and public health?

A
  • Health promotion places more emphasis on a means to an end

- Public health focuses more on the end product

24
Q

What are strategies of health promotion?

A
  • Medical or preventive –> early detection, stop poor behaviour
  • Behaviour change –> health psych theories, persuasive, eduction
  • Empowerment
  • Social change - laws
25
Q

Name some dilemmas raised by health promotion

A
  • Ethics of interfering with people lives - psychological impact of messages, nanny state
  • Victim blaming - plays down wider social determinants of health
  • Fallacy of empowerment - adverse circumstances more important
  • Reinforcing negative stereotypes - HIV IVDUs etc
  • Unequal distribution of responsibility - lies on women
  • Prevention paradox
26
Q

What is the prevention paradox?

A

Interventions that have an effect on a population level may not make much of an effect to individuals
Anomalies = e.g. reduced smoking, reduced lung cancer, but quitters and non-smokers still get it.

27
Q

What are 3 categories of sociological critiques on health promotion?

A

Structural
Surveillance
Consumption

28
Q

Describe structural critiques for health promotion

A

Material conditions that give rise to ill health are marginalised. There is a focus on individual responsibility

29
Q

Describe surveillence critiques for health promotion

A

Monitoring and regulating the population

30
Q

Describe consumption critiques for health promotion

A

Lifestyle choices not just seen as health risks, are tied up in identity construction

31
Q

What are the effects of the prevention paradox and lay epidemiology on health promotion?

A

May not see themselves as a candidate so don’t take on board health promotion messages

32
Q

What are the three types of health promotion evaluation?

A
  • Process- qualitative implementation assessment
  • Impact - assess immediate effects
  • Outcome - long term consequences
33
Q

What are the issues with timing of evaluation of health care promotions?

A
  • Delay - interventions can take a long time to have an effect
  • Decay - intervention effect wears off quickly
34
Q

What are other issues with demonstrating the effect of health promotion besides timing?

A
  • Confounding factors

- High cost of evaluating research in the long term

HaDSoc (10 decks)

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