Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Basic Concepts > 4 Inflammation and Its Mediators > Flashcards

4 Inflammation and Its Mediators Flashcards

1
Q

Responsible for elimination of pathogens in subsequent phases of infection

A

Adaptive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Responsible for maintenance of immunological tolerance

A

Adaptive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T/F Adaptive immunity exists only in vertebrates

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cells that recognize altered self

A

NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neutrophilic granules that contain lysozyme, elastase, and collagenase

A

Specific granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lysosomes that contain enzymes and microbicidal substances found in the cytoplasm of neutrophils

A

Azurophilic granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most prevalent cell type in the early phases of antimicrobial response

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dominant effector cells in the later stages of inflammation

A

Recruited monocytes-macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Within ___ days, neutrophils are almost completely replaced by monocytes-macrophages

A

1-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F PAMPs are essential for microbial survival

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

PRR: Characterized by extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain and intracellular Toll IL-1 receptor (T1R) domain

A

TLR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Number of TLRs identified in humans

A

13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

TLR: Expressed at the cell surface and mainly recognize bacterial products unique to bacteria

A

TLR 1,2,4,5,6,10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

TLR: Located almost exclusively in intracellular compartments, including endosomes and lysosomes

A

TLR 3,7,8,9,11,12,13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

PAMP-origin-PRR-main effector function: LPS

A

G-bacteria; TLR4, CD14; macrophage activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PAMP-origin-PRR-main effector function: Unmethylated CpG nucleotides

A

Bacterial DNA; TLR9; macrophage, B-cell, plasmacytoid cell activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PAMP-origin-PRR-main effector function: Terminal mannose residues

A

Microbial glycoprotein and glycolipids;
1) Macrophage mannose receptor; phagocytosis
2) Plasma MBL; complement activation opsonization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

PAMP-origin-PRR-main effector function: LPS, dsRNA

A

Bacteria, viruses; Macrophage scavenger receptor; Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

PAMP-origin-PRR-main effector function: Zymosan

A

Fungi; TLR2, Dectin-1; Macrophage activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PAMP-origin-PRR-main effector function: dsRNA

A

Viral; TLR3, RIG-I; IFN Type I production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

PAMP-origin-PRR-main effector function: ssRNA

A

Viral; TLR7/8, MDA5; IFN Type I production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

PAMP-origin-PRR-main effector function: N-formylmethionine residues

A

Bacteria; Chemokine receptors; Neutrophil and macrophage activation and migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PAMP-origin-PRR-main effector function: MDP

A

G+ and G- bacteria; NOD2, NALP1; Macrophage activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

TLR located in both cell surface and endolysosomal compartment

A

TLR4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

TLR-Ligand: TLR1

A

Lipopeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

TLR-Ligand: TLR2

A

Zymosan, peptidoglycans, lipoteichoic acids, lipoarabinomannan, porins, envelope glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

TLR-Ligand: TLR3

A

dsRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

TLR-Ligand: TLR4

A

LPS, lipoprotein, HSP60 (chlaymida), fusion protein (RSV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

TLR-Ligand: TLR5

A

Flagellin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

TLR-Ligand: TLR6

A

Diacyl lipopeptides (mycoplasma), lipoteichoic acid (G+ bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

TLR-Ligand: TLR7&8

A

ssRNA and short dsRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

TLR-Ligand: TLR9

A

Unmethylated CpG DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

TLR-Ligand: TLR10

A

Unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

TLR-Ligand: TLR11

A

Profilin and flagellin (apicomplexan parasites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

TLR-Ligand: TLR12

A

Profilin (apicomplexan parasites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

TLR-Ligand: TLR13

A

Bacterial 23S rRNA (G- bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Key cell types expressing TLRs

A

APCs (including macrophages, DCs, and B lymphocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Cytosolic receptors that function in pattern recognition of viral and bacterial pathogens

A

1) NLRs (NOD-like receptors)
2) RLRs (RIG-I-like receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

NLRs consists of

A

N-terminal effector region
Centrally located NOD (or NACHT)
C-terminal LRR that sense PAMPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Makes up the N-terminal effector region of NLRs

A

CARD or Pyrin domain or Acidic domain or BIRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

NLRs containing a pyrin domain

A

NLRPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Most well-characterized among NLRs

A

1) NOD family
2) NLRPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

NODs that are involved in sensing bacterial molecules derived from synthesis and degradation of peptidoglycan

A

NOD1 and NOD2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

NOD that recognizes diaminopimelic acid produced primarily by G- bacteria

A

NOD1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

NOD that recognizes muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a component of both G+ and G- bacteria

A

NOD2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

T/F DAMPs also activate PRRs

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Receptors on macrophage surface

A

1) PRR
2) CD40
3) Fc and complement receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

DAMPs released during necrotic or inflammatory based cell death

A

Alarmins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Calcium-binding proteins expressed in the cytoplasm of phagocytes and secreted by activated monocytes and neutrophils

A

Calgranulins (S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

3 major downstream signaling pathways responsible for mediating TLR-induced responses

A

1) NF-κB
2) MAPKs
3) IRFs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Downstream signaling pathways: Play central roles in induction of a proinflammatory response

A

1) NF-κB
2) MAPKs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Downstream signaling pathways: Essential for stimulation of IFN production

A

IRFs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

MAPK-activated pathways

A

p38, JNK, ERK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

TLR signaling pathway that induces the early-phase NF-κB and MAPK activation that controls the induction of proinflammatory cytokines

A

MyD88-dependent signaling pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

TLR signaling pathway that activates IRF3, which is required for induction of IFN-β and IFN-inducible genes

A

MyD88-independent signaling pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

TLR signaling pathway that mediates the late-phase NF-κB and MAPK activation

A

MyD88-independent signaling pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Th1- vs Th2-related cytokines: IFN-γ

A

Th1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Th1- vs Th2-related cytokines: Polarize macrophages to an M1 phenotype

A

Th1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Th1- vs Th2-related cytokines: IL-4

A

Th2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Th1- vs Th2-related cytokines: IL-13

A

Th2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Th1- vs Th2-related cytokines: Polarize macrophages to an M2 phenotype

A

Th2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

M1 vs M2 macrophages: Dampen inflammation

A

M2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

M1 vs M2 macrophages: Promote tissue remodeling and repair

A

M2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

M1 vs M2 macrophages: Help in parasite clearance

A

M2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

M1 vs M2 macrophages: Suppress tumor immunosurveillance

A

M2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

T/F A single macrophage can change between M1 and M2 phenotype function in response to changes in the local environment

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Interferons are a treatable target using

A

1) Monoclonal Ab that blocks either the cyokine or receptor
2) JAKi that blocks IFNAR (Type 1 IFN receptor) signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Protein complex responsible for production of biologically active IL-1 (i.e. secretion of mature IL-1β and IL-18)

A

Inflammasome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

NLR that has been ascribed a role in recognition of uric acid crystals

A

NLRP3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Components of inflammasome

A

1) Adaptor ASC
2) Procaspase-1
3) An NLR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Mutations in the NLRP3 and NLRC4 genes in humans are associated with disease characterized by excessive production of IL-1β and IL-18, which are called

A

Autoinflammatory diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Activated vs inactive pyrin: Phosphorylated form

A

Inactive or blocked form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Distinct subtype of DCs that display unique capacity to secrete large amounts of type I IFN (α/β) in response to certain viruses and other stimuli

A

pDCs aka plasmacytoid interferon producing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Trigger TLR7&9 expressed by pDCs, leading to type I IFN production

A

Viral nucleic acids
Self-nucleoproteins internalized in the form of immune complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Diseases with increased Type I IFN signaling, hence pDCs have been implicated in their pathophysiology

A

SLE, JDM

76
Q

First signals for gene expression and synthesis of inactive IL-1β and IL-18 precursors in the canonical activation of inflammasome

A

TLR ligands

77
Q

Second signals for gene expression and synthesis of inactive IL-1β and IL-18 precursors in the canonical activation of inflammasome

A

Exogenous ATP OR mitochondrial ROS

78
Q

Protein mutated in FMF (gain of function mutation) that is able to form with ASC and caspase 1 its own inflammasome

A

Pyrin (aka MEFV)

79
Q

Activates the serine-threonine kinases PKN1 and PKN2 that phsophorylate and block pyrin

A

GTPase RhoA

80
Q

Pyrin inflammasome activation inactivates ___ resulting in dephosphorylation of pyrin

A

GTPase RhoA

81
Q

2 major subsets of NK cells are identified according to

A

Level of expression of CD56: CD56dim and CD56bright

82
Q

CD56dim vs CD56bright: 90% of NK cells in peripheral blood

A

CD56dim

83
Q

CD56dim and CD56bright: Immature

A

CD56bright

84
Q

CD56dim and CD56bright: Plays a major role in cytokine production

A

CD56bright

85
Q

CD56dim and CD56bright: Better able to leave the circulation

A

CD56bright

86
Q

CD56dim and CD56bright: Constitutes majority of NK cells in lymphoid organs

A

CD56bright

87
Q

Binds with inhibitory receptor on NK cell

A

MHC I

88
Q

Leads to loss of MHC I expression of cell, thereby lack of ligand for inhibitory receptor of NK cell leading to killing of the affected cell

A

Viral infection

89
Q

Receptors on NK cell

A

Activating receptor
Inhibitory receptor
Fc receptor (FcγRIIIa)

90
Q

Potent inducer of NK cell IFN-γ secretion and cytolytic activity

A

IL-12 produced by macrophages

91
Q

Cytokine secreted by NK cell that further activates macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes

A

IFN-γ

92
Q

Lymphoid derived cells with effector functions that parallel that of T cells but do not bear a T cell receptor and instead respond to stimuli in an innate-like fashion

A

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)

93
Q

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs): Produce cytokines typically associated with Th1 T-cell responses

A

Group 1 ILCs

94
Q

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs): Share many of the effector functions of CD4+ Th2 cells

A

Group 2 ILCs

95
Q

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs): Have cytotoxic functions like CD8+ T cells

A

Group 1 ILCs

96
Q

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs): Predominate in the intestinal mucosa and may contribute to IBD

A

Group 3 ILCs

97
Q

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs): NK cells are a major component of this group

A

Group 1 ILCs

98
Q

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs): Thought to be important in antihelminthic responses

A

Group 2 ILCs

99
Q

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs): Express the transcription factor RORγT

A

Group 3 ILCs

100
Q

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs): Make IL-17 and IL-22 much like Th17 cells

A

Group 3 ILCs

101
Q

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs): Found in synovial fluid of children with JIA

A

Group 3 ILCs

102
Q

Pathway of complement activation: Activated by direct binding of C3b to microbial cells

A

Alternative pathway

103
Q

Pathway of complement activation: Activated by binding of C1 to CH2 domains of IgG or CH3 domains of IgM that have bound antigen

A

Classical pathway

104
Q

Pathway of complement activation: Activated by direct recognition of carbohydrate or acetylated PAMPs by MBL and ficolins

A

Lectin pathway

105
Q

3 pathways of complement activation converge upon this central protein

A

C3

106
Q

Type 1 vs type 2 complement receptor: CR1

A

Type 1

107
Q

Type 1 vs type 2 complement receptor: CD35

A

Type 1

108
Q

Type 1 vs type 2 complement receptor: CR2

A

Type 2

109
Q

Type 1 vs type 2 complement receptor: CD21

A

Type 2

110
Q

Type 1 vs type 2 complement receptor: Expressed by almost all blood cells

A

Type 1

111
Q

Type 1 vs type 2 complement receptor: Present on B lymphocytes and follicular DCs of LN germinal centers

A

Type 2

112
Q

Type 1 vs type 2 complement receptor: Mainly functions as co-receptor for B cell activation by antigen

A

Type 2

113
Q

Type 1 vs type 2 complement receptor: Promotes phagocytosis of C3b coated microbes

A

Type 1

114
Q

Type 1 vs type 2 complement receptor: Mainly functions to stimulate trapping of antigen-antibody complexes in germinal centers

A

Type 2

115
Q

Complement receptor expressed on RBCs that bind to immune complexes with attached C3b thereby transporting these complexes to the liver and spleen where they are removed from the erythrocyte surface and cleared

A

CR1

116
Q

Complement receptors that are members of the integrin family and are expressed by innate immune system cells

A

Type 3 and 4 complement receptors

117
Q

Complement receptors that promotes activation of innate cells resulting in phagocytosis of microbes opsonized with C3b

A

CR3 and CR4

118
Q

Complement receptor: Clearance of immune complexes

A

CR1 (CD35)

119
Q

Complement receptor: Receptor for EBV

A

CR2 (CD21)

120
Q

Complement receptor: Adhesion to endothelium via ICAM

A

CR3 (CD11b/CD18)

121
Q

Deficiency of this complement component is associated with serious pyogenic infections

A

C3

122
Q

Defects of this complement component is associated with increased risk of disseminated Neisseria infections

A

Terminal complement components C5-C9

123
Q

Deficiency of this protein, which functions to regulate the proteolytic activity of C1, the initiator of the classical pathway, causes hereditary angioedema

A

C1 inhibitor

124
Q

Characterized by excess alternative pathway activation leading to C3 consumption and glomerulonephritis

A

Deficiency of factor H

125
Q

Adhesion molecules constitutively expressed on circulating leukocytes that ensures firm adherence of leukocytes to endothelial cells

A

Integrins

126
Q

Weak adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium

A

Rolling

127
Q

Adhesion molecule-cell distribution-ligand-main function: P-selectin

A

Activated endothelium; sialyl lewis x; initiate leukocyte-endothelium interaction

128
Q

Adhesion molecule-cell distribution-ligand-main function: E-selectin

A

Platelets; PSGL-1; -

129
Q

Adhesion molecule-cell distribution-ligand-main function: L-selectin

A

Activated endothelium & leukocytes; GlyCAM-1, CD34, MADCAM-1; -

130
Q

Adhesion molecule-cell distribution-ligand-main function: VLA4-5

A

Leukocytes; JAM-B; homing to inflamed tissue

131
Q

Adhesion molecule-cell distribution-ligand-main function: LFA-1

A

Leukocytes; ICAM-1/3, JAM-A; Leukocyte adhesion to endothelium

132
Q

Adhesion molecule-cell distribution-ligand-main function: VE-cadherin

A

Endothelium lateral junctions; VE-cadherin; cell to cell adhesion

133
Q

Adhesion molecule-cell distribution-ligand-main function: VLA-4

A

Leukocytes; VCAM-1; leukocyte adhesion to endothelium

134
Q

Cytokines are classified in these 5 main categories

A

1) Interleukins
2) Interferons
3) Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines
4) Chemokines
5) Growth factors

135
Q

Interleukins

A

IL-2,4,5,7,12,13,15,18,23

136
Q

Proinflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α
IL-6,17,22

137
Q

Antiinflamatory cytokines

A

IL-10, TGF-β

138
Q

Interferons

A

Type I IFNs: IFNα, IFNβ
IFNγ

139
Q

T/F Cytokines typically act locally in autocrine or paracrine fashion

A

T

140
Q

Endocrine functions of TNF

A

1) Stimulate the hypothalamus to induce fever
2) Stimulate hepatocytes to produce acute phase reactants
3) Promote metabolic changes leading to cachexia

141
Q

Proinflammatory cytokine which plays a major role in septic shock

A

TNF

142
Q

Major source of TNF

A

Activated macrophages

143
Q

Major source of IL-1

A

Activated macrophages

144
Q

Interleukins, main biological effect: Synthesis of IFN-γ by T cells and NK cells

A

IL-12 and IL-18

145
Q

Interleukins, main biological effect: Differentiation of Th17 cells

A

IL-23

146
Q

Interleukins, main cell source: Il-12

A

Th2 cells, B cells, DC, macrophages

147
Q

Interleukins, main cell source: IL-23

A

DC

148
Q

Proinflammatory cytokines, main biological effect: Fever

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α

149
Q

Proinflammatory cytokines, main biological effect: Acute phase reactants

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α

150
Q

Proinflammatory cytokines, main biological effect: Cachexia

A

TNF-α

151
Q

Proinflammatory cytokines, main biological effect: Activation of endothelial cells

A

IL-1, TNF-α, IL-17

152
Q

Proinflammatory cytokines, main biological effect: B cell proliferation

A

IL-6

153
Q

Antiinflammatory cytokines, main biological function: Suppression of macrophage function

A

IL-10

154
Q

Antiinflammatory cytokines, main biological function: Inhibition of T and B cells

A

TGF-β

155
Q

Interferons, main biological function: Antiviral response

A

Type I IFN

156
Q

Interferons, main biological function: Activation of NK cells

A

IFN-α,β,γ

157
Q

Interferons, main biological function: Induction of MHC-I on somatic cells and MHC-II on APCs

A

IFN-γ

158
Q

Chemokine, main function: Angiogenesis

A

CXCL7

159
Q

Chemokine, main function: HIV coreceptor

A

CCL4

160
Q

Chemokine, main function: Allergy

A

CCL11

161
Q

Chemokine, main function: Lymphocyte homing to lymphoid organs

A

CXCL13

162
Q

Chemokine, main function: T cell migration to skin

A

CCL25 and 27

163
Q

Chemokine, main function: Brain inflammation

A

CX3CL1

164
Q

Chemokine, main function: Lymphocyte trafficking and development

A

XCL1

165
Q

IL-1 receptor: Constitutively expressed on many cell types

A

Type I

166
Q

IL-1 receptor: Mediates intracellular signal transmission through IRAK, leading to NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors

A

Type I

167
Q

IL-1 receptor: Expressed only after cell activation

A

Type II

168
Q

IL-1 receptor: Binding with IL-1 does not result in intracellular signal transmission

A

Type II

169
Q

IL-1 receptor: Down-modulate biological action of IL-1 by acting as decoy receptor

A

Type II

170
Q

2 strategies for IL-1 down-modulation

A

1) Binding to Type II receptor
2) Binding of IL-Ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist) to IL-1 receptors but is biologically inactive

171
Q

IL closely related to IL-1β and is particularly associated with NLRC4 inflammasome

A

IL-18

172
Q

A soluble factor that binds to IL-18 and prevents its ability to ligate and activate IL-18 receptor

A

IL-18BP

173
Q

Stimulates synthesis of APRs by the liver and production and release of neutrophils from bone marrow

A

IL-6

174
Q

Cytokine that plays a pivotal role in sJIA

A

IL-6

175
Q

Chemokines produced by leukocytes and resident tissues in response to proinflammatory stimuli

A

Inflammatory chemokines

176
Q

Chemokines constitutively expressed by in the microenvironment of lymphoid tissues, skin, and mucosa involved in continuous leukocyte trafficking between circulation and lymphoid structures

A

Homing chemokines

177
Q

Responsible for the production of prostaglandins both in physiological and pathological conditions

A

COX

178
Q

COX that is constitutively expressed in most tissues

A

COX-1

179
Q

COX that is normally undetectable in normal tissues but can be rapidly induced in particular cell types

A

COX-2

180
Q

Cell types where COX-2 can be induced upon proinflammatory stimulation

A

Fibroblasts, monocytes, endothelial cells

181
Q

Most abundant COX-2 product

A

PGE2 and mast cell-derived PGD2

182
Q

Prostaglandin that plays a crucial role in the induction of fever after stimulation of specialized endothelial cells in hypothalamic tissue by endogenous pyrogens

A

PGE2

183
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

TNF and IL-6

184
Q

Derived from the combined actions of 5-LOX and FLAP with initial formation of 5-HPETE

A

Leukotrienes

185
Q

Main function of matrix metalloproteinases

A

Remodeling of ECM during tissue resorption

Basic Concepts (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions