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Basic Concepts > 1 Structure and Function > Flashcards

1 Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

The musculoskeletal system is derived from what embryonic layer?

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

Embryonal cells that form the teeth and some facial bones, cartilage, and connective tissue of the anterior skull

A

Cells from the dorsal margins of the embryonic neural crest

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3
Q

Embryonal cells that form the axial skeleton

A

Paraxial mesodermal cells (somites)

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4
Q

Embryonal cells that form the appendicular skeleton

A

Lateral plate mesodermal cells

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5
Q

Ossification of the fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage that constitute the primordial skeletal scaffold begins at

A

7th week AOG

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6
Q

Organic vs Inorganic: Hardness of bone

A

Organic

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7
Q

Organic vs Inorganic: Tensile strength of bone

A

Organic

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8
Q

Organic vs Inorganic: Hydroxylapatite

A

Inorganic

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9
Q

Organic vs Inorganic: Collagen

A

Organic

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10
Q

Organic vs Inorganic: Proteoglycans

A

Organic

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11
Q

Organic vs Inorganic: Calcium and phosphate salts

A

Inorganic

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12
Q

Organic vs Inorganic: Matrix proteins

A

Organic

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13
Q

Organic vs Inorganic: Flexibility of bone

A

Organic

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14
Q

Organic vs Inorganic: Compressive strength

A

Inorganic

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15
Q

Bone classification: Withstand and adapt to fluctuating stresses of weight-bearing

A

Long

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16
Q

Bone classification: Allow for rotation and leverage

A

Long

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17
Q

Bone classification: Support and facilitate movement

A

Short, cuboid-shaped bones

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18
Q

Bone classification: Attachment sites for musculature and shield vital organs

A

Broad flat bones

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19
Q

Bone classification: Protect the face and spinal cord

A

Irregular

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20
Q

Bone classification: Smooth, round ossifications to counteract compressive forces within tendons

A

Sesamoid

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21
Q

The only sesamoid bones consistently present in humans

A

Patellae

22
Q

Sesamoid bones inconsistently but usually present in humans

A

(1) Hallux sesamoid bone of the foot (2) Pisiform of the wrist

23
Q

Bone classification based on ossification process

A

(1) Endochondral (2) Intramembranous

24
Q

Bone classification: Intramembranous

A

Facial, cranial, and clavicular bones

25
Q

Bone classification: Endochondral

A

Most appendicular and axial skeleton bones

26
Q

Process of intramembranous ossification

A

(1) Mesenchymal cells within the unossified skeleton coalesce and then differentiate into either capillaries or osteoblasts (2) Osteoblasts
secrete unmineralized osteoid matrix into which mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus) are deposited (3) When ossified, osteoid produced around capillaries becomes honeycomb-like trabecular bone (cancellous or spongy bone) that encroaches on the vasculature, compacting it into red marrow

27
Q

Endochondral vs intramembranous: Progressive replacement of the primordial cartilaginous scaffold with bone

A

Endochondral

28
Q

Process of endochondral ossification

A

(1) Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into cartilage-producing chondrocytes (2) Proliferating chondrocytes synthesize the extracellular matrix comprising predominantly type II collagen, some type IX and XI collagens, and proteoglycans (3) Mature, hypertrophied chondrocytes secrete a matrix rich in type X collagen, which provides the supporting framework (cartilaginous framework) for endochondral ossification (4) When ossified, blood flow to the chondrocytes is impeded, the cells die, and adjacent cartilage breaks down, leaving a medullary cavity into which new vessels invade to deliver bone-producing osteoblasts

29
Q

Site of primary ossification center

A

Diaphysis

30
Q

Site of secondary ossification center

A

Epiphysis

31
Q

Site of the cartilaginous growth plate (physis)

A

Between the epiphysis and diaphysis (metaphysis in adult long bone)

32
Q

Sites of new bone formation but do not contribute to bone length; instead, they generate new bone in response to tendinous or ligamentous traction

A

Apophyses

33
Q

Apophyses

A

Tibial tuberosity, posterior calcaneus, greater and lesser trochanters, and iliac crests

34
Q

Fundamental physiological unit of most mammalian compact bone

A

Osteon

35
Q

Bone contains these 4 cell types

A

Mesenchymal stem cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

36
Q

Location of bone mesenchymal cells

A

1) Adjacent to vascular channels
2) Periosteum

37
Q

Substances that osteoblasts produce

A

Organic constituents of bone, mainly collagen
Osteocalcin
Osteopontin

38
Q

A hormone that acts on pancreatic beta cells to promote insulin production in response to leptin and can activate bone-based adipocytes to regulate insulin responsiveness

A

Osteocalcin

39
Q

Participates in bone remodeling by securing osteoclasts to the inorganic (mineral) matrix of bone.

A

Osteopontin

40
Q

Mechanosensory cells of the bone

A

Osteocytes

41
Q

Mineralizes hydroxylapatite, the bone’s organic matrix

A

Osteocytes

42
Q

Most abundant bone cells

A

Osteocytes

43
Q

Cells of the bone that maintain the physiological balance between bone formation and bone resorption, thus preserving bone integrity

A

Osteocytes

44
Q

Bone cells that mediate bone remodeling in response to mechanical stresses

A

Osteocytes

45
Q

After birth, longitudinal bone growth occurs from the ___

A

Epiphyseal plate

46
Q

4 zones of the epiphyseal plate from the top (outermost) to bottom (closest to the diaphysis)

A

1) Reserve (resting) zone
2) Proliferative zone (young proliferating cartilage)
3) Hypertrophic zone (maturing cartilage with hypertrophic chondrocytes)
4) Calcified zone

47
Q

Diaphyseal vs epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate: Retained as articular cartilage

A

Epiphyseal side

48
Q

Diaphyseal vs epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate: Epiphysis ossifies to increase bone length

A

Diaphyseal side

49
Q

Conventional methods for assessing skeletal maturation

A

Tanner-Whitehouse and Greulich-Pyle protocols

50
Q

Radiographs of these sites are used for bone aging using the Tanner-Whitehouse and Greulich-Pyle protocols

A

Left hand and wrist

Basic Concepts (9 decks)

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