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PHGY 209 > 4. Immunology > Flashcards

4. Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

2 different immune systems

A
  • non-specific/innate immunity
  • specific/adaptive immunity
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2
Q

Non-specific / Innate immunity

A
  • first line of defense
  • no pathogen recognition
  • same response each time
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3
Q

Specific / Adaptive immunity

A
  • requires pathogen recognition
  • faster response with 2nd exposure to pathogen: memory cells formed
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4
Q

primary lymphoid organs is the place where…

A

stem cells divide and immune cells develop

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5
Q

primary lymphoid organs (2)

A
  • bone marrow (yolk sac and fetal liver in embryo)
  • thymus
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6
Q

bone marrow is where

A
  • immature B cell and T cell are produced
  • B cells mature
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7
Q

thymus key functions

A
  • T cell maturation site
  • contains T cells, dendritic cells, epithelial cells and macrophages
  • atrophies after maturity
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8
Q

secondary lymphoid organs is where…

A

most immune responses occur

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9
Q

secondary lymphoid organs (3)

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • lymphoid nodules
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10
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • scattered throughout the body
  • contain macrophages that phagocytose microbes entering lymph
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11
Q

spleen

A
  • removes microbes and old erythrocytes
  • largest lymphoid organ
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12
Q

lymphoid nodules

A

tonsils, appendix, Peyer’s Patches and Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)

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13
Q

Immune cells are produced by…

A

lymphoid and myeloid stem cells

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14
Q

lymphoid cells: lymphocytes

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • NK cells
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15
Q

myeloid cells

A
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • mast cells
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16
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytes responsible for bacteria eating

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17
Q

monocytes

A

become macrophages and dendritic cells (phagocytes)

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18
Q

eosinophils

A

destroy parasites

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19
Q

basophils

A

release chemicals: i.e histamine

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20
Q

mast cells

A

release chemicals: i.e. histamine

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21
Q

myeloid cells filled with secretory granules

A
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • mast cells
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22
Q

innate immune system (def)

A

ability of body to defend against microbes/foreign substances without recognition of the invading pathogen

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23
Q

2 lines of defense in innate immunity

A
  • 1st line of defense = physical barriers
  • 2nd line of defense = cellular and humoral factors
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24
Q

first line of defense

A

barriers to entry, creating unpleasant environment for microorganisms

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25
Q

physical and mechanical barriers to first line of defense

A
  • skin: water resistant
  • tight junctions in epithelia
  • mucus
  • hair and cilia
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26
Q

chemical and microbiological barriers to first line of defense

A
  • normal flora
  • secretions:
    –> sebum (low pH)
    –> lysosomes
    –> gastric juice
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27
Q

second of line of defense

A

humoral and cellular factors

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28
Q

humoral response (def)

A

includes substances that are dissolved in tissues

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29
Q

humoral factors (4)

A
  • interferons
  • complement: C3b
  • iron-binding proteins: transferrin
  • antibodies
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30
Q

inflammation

A

non-specific response to tissue damage

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31
Q

4 inflammation signs

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • pain
  • swelling
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32
Q

3 stages of inflammation

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. Emigration of phagocytes
  3. tissue repair
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33
Q

Inflammation: vasodilation

A
  • widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow and stretch capillary
  • increased permeability of capillaries to allow substances to reach damaged site
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34
Q

inflammation: emigration of phagocytes

A
  1. Chemotaxis: chemically stimulated movement of phagocytes
  2. Margination: phagocyte sticks to endothelial cel
  3. Diapedesis: phagocyte crosses capillary wall to reach site of injury
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35
Q

what triggers vasodilation?

A

signals from fixed-tissue macrophages

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36
Q

specific role of neutrophils in inflammation

A
  • die in the process of killing bacteria
  • form NETs: Neutrophil Extracellular Traps when they lyse
  • sticky pus produced: mixture of dead bacteria and neutrophils, to prevent more bacteria moving further
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37
Q

type I interferons

A

prevent viral replication by binding to uninfected cells, allowing them to produce antiviral proteins

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38
Q

C3b Complement

A

plasma protein that sticks to bacteria (opsonisation) to make it more recognisable for phagocytes

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39
Q

iron-binding proteins: Transferrin

A

binds to iron so it can’t be used by bacteria to grow/replicate

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40
Q

cellular factors (3)

A
  • Natural Killer cells (NK cells)
  • phagocytes
  • cells with inflammatory mediators
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41
Q

Natural Killer cells (NK cells)

A

lymphocytes that target virus-infected cells and cancer cells:
- if a cell lacks MHC-I, NK cell can only bind to its activating ligand which activates NK cell for killing
- normal body cells: NK cells can bind to MHC-I and activating ligand –> stable configuration: no killing activated

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42
Q

cells with inflammatory mediators

A
  • basophils
  • mast cells
  • eosinophils
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43
Q

phagocytes

A

non-specifically engulf microbial invaders

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44
Q

different types of phagocytes

A
  • fixed-tissue macrophages: already in tissue
  • neutrophils: recruited at injury site
  • monocytes: become macrophages and dendritic cells
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45
Q

examples of fixed-tissue macrophages

A

PAMPs and TLRs

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46
Q

phagocytosis (process)

A
  1. endocytosis of microbe: phagosome formed
  2. lysosome fuses with phagosome to form phagolysosome
  3. phagolysosome releases end products into and out of cell
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47
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)

A

recognise Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and send out signals

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48
Q

example of PRR

A

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane receptors with:
- extracellular domain for pathogen recognition
- intracellular signalling domain to request cytokines

49
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

A

link innate and adaptive immunity

50
Q

epitope

A

part of the antigen recognised by the antibody

51
Q

how is innate immunity linked to specific immunity?

A
  1. dendritic cell kills bacteria
  2. dead bacteria attached to dendritic cell
  3. dendritic cell carrying dead bacteria travels to lymph node via lymphatic system
  4. lymphocytes activated in lymph node
52
Q

Specific / Adaptive immunity (def)

A

ability of the body to defend against specific microbes and foreign substances, involves memory

53
Q

what cell type does the specific immune system involve

A

lymphocytes: B and T cells

54
Q

on which cells is MHC-I expressed?

A

all nucleated cells

55
Q

on which cells is MHC-II expressed?

A

on Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

56
Q

antigen presentation process

A

T cell receptors recognise antigens only when they are associated with MHC-II

57
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) include

A
  • dendritic cells
  • macrophage
  • B cell/lymphocyte
58
Q

how do APCs present exogenous antigens with MHC-II?

A
  1. ingestion of antigen by APC
  2. digestion of antigen into peptide fragments
  3. synthesis + packaging of MHC-II molecules
  4. vesicles containing antigen peptide fragments and MHC-II molecules fuse
  5. antigen peptide fragments bind to MHC-II molecules
  6. vesicle undergoes exocytosis: antigen-MHC-II complexes inserted into plasma membrane
  7. complex expressed to T cells in lymph nodes
59
Q

antigen characteristics (2)

A
  • reactivity
  • immunogenicity: can provoke immune response
60
Q

role of helper T cells

A

activated B cells and cytotoxic T cells

61
Q

role of B cells

A

transform into plasma cells and secrete antibodies
–> involved in humoral response with antibodies and complement

62
Q

role of cytotoxic T cells

A

attack infected body/foreign/cancer cells
-> cell-mediated response

63
Q

3 stages of adaptive immune response

A
  1. recognition of antigen by lymphocytes
  2. lymphocyte activation
  3. attack launched by activated lymphocytes + their secretions
64
Q

How are Helper T cells activated?

A
  1. Specific recognition between MHC-II and peptide-TCR (T cell receptor)
  2. Co reception of CD28-B7 –> checkpoint inhibition
  3. cytokine release from APC which stimulates T helper cell
65
Q

checkpoint inhibition

A

CTLA4 or PD-1 displaces CD28, inhibiting T cell activation

66
Q

how to get increased T cell activation through checkpoint inhibition

A

antibodies generated to bind to CTLA4 so it won’t displace CD28

67
Q

CD4 required in activation of…

A

T helper cells

68
Q

antibodies produced by…

A

plasma cells (which come from B cells)

69
Q

antibodies are part of a group of proteins called…

A

globulins -> immunoglobulins

70
Q

heavy chains of antibody corresponds to…

A

Fc region

71
Q

light chains of antibody corresponds to…

A

FAB region

72
Q

Fc region

A

constant: same in all antibodies of a class

73
Q

FAB region

A

variable: determines specificity of antigen
-> antigen binding site

74
Q

IgG

A

most numerous, produced after IgM during immune response
-> 2 binding sites

75
Q

IgA

A

found in MALT and breast milk
-> dimer: 4 binding sites

76
Q

IgM

A

first formed during immune response: responsible for complement activating cascade
-> 10 binding sites

77
Q

plasma cells function

A

secrete specific antibodies

78
Q

memory cells purpose

A

allow faster response if antigen seen again

79
Q

active immunity

A

long-lasting protection: memory cells are involved and is the person’s own immune system response to pathogen

80
Q

natural, active immunity example

A

catching Influenza by someone coughing on the bus

81
Q

artificial, active immunity example

A

vaccination

82
Q

passive immunity

A

temporary protection: no memory cells involved since the person receives antibodies from someone else

83
Q

natural, passive immunity example

A

IgG from placenta or IgA from breast milk

84
Q

artificial, passive immunity example

A

receiving serum containing antibodies from person/animal

85
Q

functions of antibodies (6)

A
  • neutralisation
  • agglutination
  • precipitation
  • activating complement
  • opsonization
  • antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
86
Q

neutralising antigen

A

antibody binds to antigen so I can’t do more damage

87
Q

agglutinating antigen

A

makes it harder for microbe to move/divide and easier for phagocyte to recognise

88
Q

precipitating antigen

A

prevents antigen from moving

89
Q

activating complement

A

antibody bins to antigen, leading to C1 activation and formation of Membrane Attack Complex

90
Q

opsonisation

A

antibody sticks to pathogen surface and prepares for eating

91
Q

antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

A

increases effectiveness of NK cells: interaction between antibody and Fc receptor activates release of granzymes and perforin

92
Q

immunocompetence

A

development of antigen receptor

93
Q

RAGs purpose

A

Recombination Activating Genes: splice out gene segments from V, D, J

94
Q

TdT purpose

A

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase: adds single bases on VDJ segments to increase variation

95
Q

what determines which antibody will be produced from the mRNA transcript?

A

the control region gene expressed

96
Q

immune tolerance

A

clonal deletion or clonal inactivation of cells that:
- don’t recognise MHC-II
- recognise MHC-I

97
Q

percentage of T cells destroyed after production

A

95%

98
Q

activation of Cytotoxic T cells

A
  1. infected body cells synthesise MHC-I molecules
  2. destroyed antigen (peptide fragments) are bound to MHC-I
  3. antigen-MHC-I complex packaged
  4. antigen-MHC-I complex inserted into plasma membrane
99
Q

CD8 required in activation of…

A

Cytotoxic T cells

100
Q

factors that alter resistance to infection (5)

A
  • protein calorie malnutrition
  • pre-existing disease
  • stress
  • sleep deprivation
  • exercise/physical conditioning
101
Q

protein-calorie malnutrition

A

energy required for lymphocytes to divide into antibodies is insufficient

102
Q

immunodeficiency disease

A

result from weak or impaired immune system: SCID, AIDS

103
Q

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)

A

absence of both B and T cells (sometimes NK cells)

104
Q

Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

infects and kills T helper cells so the immune system can’t produce antibodies or activate T cytotoxic cells

105
Q

tissue grafts and organ transplant

A

MHC-I proteins on graft cells and MHC-II proteins on macrophages differ from recipient so they are targeted by T cells

106
Q

drug used to avoid organ transplant rejection

A

cyclosporine: blocks cytokine production from T helper cells so there is no more signal for proliferation of T cells

107
Q

transfusion reactions

A

hemolysis when erythrocytes are destroyed during blood transfusion

108
Q

what acts as antigens in RBCs?

A

membrane proteins and carbohydrates on their surfaces

109
Q

universal donor

A

O -

110
Q

universal recipient

A

AB

111
Q

blood group A has antibody…

A

anti-B

112
Q

blood group B has antibody…

A

anti-A

113
Q

blood group AB has antibody…

A

none (has A and B antigens on surface)

114
Q

blood group O has antibody…

A

anti-A and anti-B (has no antigen on surface)

115
Q

2 types of allergic reactions

A
  • immediate hypersensitivity
  • delayed hypersensitivity
116
Q

anaphylaxis

A

mast cells release too much histamine in response to allergen, leading to hypotension and bronchiolar constriction, causing death

117
Q

autoimmune disease

A

inappropriate immune attack triggered by body proteins acting as antigens

118
Q

examples of autoimmune disease

A
  • type 1 diabetes
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • multiple sceloris
  • myasthenia gravis: ion channels in muscle cells targeted

PHGY 209 (6 decks)

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