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psychology > 4. Human development > Flashcards

4. Human development Flashcards

1
Q

define development

A

pattern of progressive, orderly, and predictable changes that begin at conception and continue throughout life

development == Development is a process by which an individual grows and changes throughout the life cycle.

Here changes should “hold definite relationship with what precedes it”, and in turn, will determine what will come after.

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2
Q

Factor on which development depend on ?

A

biological
cognitive
socio - emotional

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3
Q

characteristics of development

A

multidirectional
highly plastic
historical condition (previous gen)

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4
Q

development vs maturation vs growth vs evolution

A

growth == refers to an increase in the size of body parts or of the organism as a whole. It can be measured or quantified, for example, growth in height, weight, etc.

development already explained

Maturation == orderly change which are dictated by genetic blueprint

evolution == species specific changes . these changes are passed down from one generation to another through process of natural selection

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5
Q

How biology (gene) affect development

A

parents = provide env that is to some extent depend on their on genetic predisposition

child own genotype = if tall then more likely chose basketball

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6
Q

name models that give context in which development can take place ?

A

Bronfenbrenner’s contextual view of development

Ecological model by Durganand sinha

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7
Q

define Bronfenbrenner’s contextual view of development

A

micro = family , peer ,school
child directly come in contact with them

meso = relationship between micro and exo

exo = media , neighbour , workplace
child do not directly come in contact with them

macro =  belief , culture , tradition , attitude
chrono = events happening in  child lifespan
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8
Q

define Ecological model by Durganand sinha

A

visible layer = home (toy , space , tech) , peer (interaction) ,school (quality of education)

surrounding layer = play ground , population density , water , food , sanitation , class , caste

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9
Q

what is flynn effect

A

intelligence quotient (IQ) score gains in the standardization samples of successive versions of Stanford-Binet and Wechsler intelligence tests

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10
Q

factors that affect development of child at “pre-natal” stage

A

gene
mother age , nutrition , emotional stage
mothers diseases

Teratogens (drugs ,radiation , infection)
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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11
Q

motor movement involve during Infancy

A

breathing , sucking , swallow , discharge bodily waste
know direction of sound
recognise mother voice
tongue protrusion

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12
Q

reflexes movement involve during Infancy

A

Rooting
moro
Grasp
Bibinski

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13
Q

cultural influence on development during infancy

A

india :: massage , exercise , throw up in air , hold them upside down this help in better and faster development

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14
Q

how child learn during infancy ?

A

mostly through classical or operant conditioning

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15
Q

What are the perceptual development that take place during infancy ?

A

face different stimuli not just face
initially just red and white but later all the colour
respond to their name
hearing immediately
depth perception :: visual cliff experiment

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16
Q

what are the stages of piaget’s theory of cognitive development ?

A

sensorimotor stage
preoperational Stage
Concrete operation stage
formal operational stage

17
Q

explain sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 age

newborn construct schema based on assimilation and accommodation

exploring world through senses

lack of object permanence

18
Q

explain preoperational Stage

A 
2-7
object permanence 
symbolic play (pencil as rocket)
egocentrism --> animism 
centration (milk from big glass just  because its big)

lack of understanding of relational term –> lack serialization
dont understand what is increasing order , what is decreasing order

lack conservation (clay example)

intuitive thoughts :: want to know everything

19
Q

explain Concrete operation stage

A 
7-11 
achieve reversibility 
 decline in egocentrism & conservation 
achieve augmented reality (latitude & longitude)
acquisition of language
20
Q

explain formal operational stage

A

11- 15
examining their own thoughts
idealism = comparing self with parents

Hypothetical deductive reasoning :: systematic problem solving

Inter-propositional thinking

according to David Elkind :: two components of adolescents’ egocentrism.

imaginary audience
personal fable

21
Q

what are the socio - emotional development that take place during infancy

A

harry and Harlow study on attachment

child prefer mothers company

Erik Erikson

22
Q

what are the physical development that take place during childhood ?

A

cephalocaudal development

proximodistal trend

body lengthen and fat decrease

brain development = eye hand coordination , writing

23
Q

what are the motor development that take place during childhood ?

A

check yourself

24
Q

what are the socio - emotional development that take place during childhood ?

A

sense of self , moral , gender

socialisation

Erikson
self initiation or sense of guilt

self understanding is limited to defining oneself through physical characteristics

during middle childhood , defining through internal characteristics

start comparison with others (based on marks )

25
Q

physical development that take place during adolescence

A

check

26
Q

psychological changes that take place during adolescence

A

interest in member of opposite sex
attention to sexuality
develops sexual orientation “
accepting one’s physical self/ maturity

27
Q

Psycho-social development changes that take place during adolescence

A

personal moral code of conduct
forming an identity
detachment process start

In india , vocational commitment is also play its contribution

Rapid fluctuations between self-confidence and insecurity

do not simplify as its not needed

28
Q

Concerns during adolescence

A

peer pressure , high uncertainty of future , loneliness , self doubt , anxiety

Delinquency
substance abuse
Eating disorder

29
Q

what is Delinquency ? why is occur ? what is solution?

A

refers to a variety of behaviours, ranging from socially unacceptable behaviour, legal offences, to criminal acts.

negative self concept , decreased trust , low level of achievement , low parental support , family discord

poor community , unemployment , feeling of alienation and do antisocial behaviour to gain attention

check solution yourself

30
Q

what is substance abuse ? why is occur ? what is solution?

A

check yourself

31
Q

Erikson stage of psycho-social development ?

A

check yourself

32
Q

What is attachment style ? how it change infant ?

A

check yourself

33
Q

parenting style ? how does it change infant ?

A

check yourself

34
Q

criticism of piaget cognitive development ?

A

check

35
Q

children theory of mind ?

A

check

36
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral understanding

A

check

37
Q

Gender development

A

check

psychology (10 decks)

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