4. Human development Flashcards
define development
pattern of progressive, orderly, and predictable changes that begin at conception and continue throughout life
development == Development is a process by which an individual grows and changes throughout the life cycle.
Here changes should “hold definite relationship with what precedes it”, and in turn, will determine what will come after.
Factor on which development depend on ?
biological
cognitive
socio - emotional
characteristics of development
multidirectional
highly plastic
historical condition (previous gen)
development vs maturation vs growth vs evolution
growth == refers to an increase in the size of body parts or of the organism as a whole. It can be measured or quantified, for example, growth in height, weight, etc.
development already explained
Maturation == orderly change which are dictated by genetic blueprint
evolution == species specific changes . these changes are passed down from one generation to another through process of natural selection
How biology (gene) affect development
parents = provide env that is to some extent depend on their on genetic predisposition
child own genotype = if tall then more likely chose basketball
name models that give context in which development can take place ?
Bronfenbrenner’s contextual view of development
Ecological model by Durganand sinha
define Bronfenbrenner’s contextual view of development
micro = family , peer ,school
child directly come in contact with them
meso = relationship between micro and exo
exo = media , neighbour , workplace
child do not directly come in contact with them
macro = belief , culture , tradition , attitude chrono = events happening in child lifespan
define Ecological model by Durganand sinha
visible layer = home (toy , space , tech) , peer (interaction) ,school (quality of education)
surrounding layer = play ground , population density , water , food , sanitation , class , caste
what is flynn effect
intelligence quotient (IQ) score gains in the standardization samples of successive versions of Stanford-Binet and Wechsler intelligence tests
factors that affect development of child at “pre-natal” stage
gene
mother age , nutrition , emotional stage
mothers diseases
Teratogens (drugs ,radiation , infection)
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
motor movement involve during Infancy
breathing , sucking , swallow , discharge bodily waste
know direction of sound
recognise mother voice
tongue protrusion
reflexes movement involve during Infancy
Rooting
moro
Grasp
Bibinski
cultural influence on development during infancy
india :: massage , exercise , throw up in air , hold them upside down this help in better and faster development
how child learn during infancy ?
mostly through classical or operant conditioning
What are the perceptual development that take place during infancy ?
face different stimuli not just face
initially just red and white but later all the colour
respond to their name
hearing immediately
depth perception :: visual cliff experiment
what are the stages of piaget’s theory of cognitive development ?
sensorimotor stage
preoperational Stage
Concrete operation stage
formal operational stage
explain sensorimotor stage
0-2 age
newborn construct schema based on assimilation and accommodation
exploring world through senses
lack of object permanence
explain preoperational Stage
2-7 object permanence symbolic play (pencil as rocket) egocentrism --> animism centration (milk from big glass just because its big)
lack of understanding of relational term –> lack serialization
dont understand what is increasing order , what is decreasing order
lack conservation (clay example)
intuitive thoughts :: want to know everything
explain Concrete operation stage
7-11 achieve reversibility decline in egocentrism & conservation achieve augmented reality (latitude & longitude) acquisition of language
explain formal operational stage
11- 15
examining their own thoughts
idealism = comparing self with parents
Hypothetical deductive reasoning :: systematic problem solving
Inter-propositional thinking
according to David Elkind :: two components of adolescents’ egocentrism.
imaginary audience
personal fable
what are the socio - emotional development that take place during infancy
harry and Harlow study on attachment
child prefer mothers company
Erik Erikson
what are the physical development that take place during childhood ?
cephalocaudal development
proximodistal trend
body lengthen and fat decrease
brain development = eye hand coordination , writing
what are the motor development that take place during childhood ?
check yourself
what are the socio - emotional development that take place during childhood ?
sense of self , moral , gender
socialisation
Erikson
self initiation or sense of guilt
self understanding is limited to defining oneself through physical characteristics
during middle childhood , defining through internal characteristics
start comparison with others (based on marks )
