4 Homeopathy (v.0.2) Flashcards
intricacies
- I am interested in the role of medicine, our beliefs about the body and healing, and I am fascinated — in my day job — by the intricacies of how we can gather evidence for the benefits and risks of a given intervention.
[‘ɪntrɪkəsɪ] 1) запутанность, сложность Syn: complexity , complicacy 2) лабиринт Syn: labyrinth , maze 1.
trial
- By the end of this section you will know more about evidence-based medicine and trial design than the average doctor.
- You will understand how trials can go wrong, and give false positive results, how the placebo effect works, and why we tend to overestimate the efficacy of pills.
- Homeopathy is perhaps the paradigmatic example of an alternative therapy: it claims the authority of a rich historical heritage, but its history is routinely rewritten for the PR needs of a contemporary market; it has an elaborate and sciencey-sounding framework for how it works, without scientific evidence to demonstrate its veracity; and its proponents are quite clear that the pills will make you better, when in fact they have been thoroughly researched, with innumerable trials, and have been found to perform no better than placebo.
- If you go to Boots the Chemists website, www. bootslearningstore.co.uk, for example, and take their 16-plus teaching module for children on alternative therapies, you will see, amongst the other gobbledegook about homeopathic remedies, that they are teaching how Hahnemanns provings were clinical trials.
- Now the tables are turned: today the medical profession is frequently happy to accept ignorance of the details of mechanism, as long as trial data shows that treatments are effective (we aim to abandon the ones that arent), whereas homeopaths rely exclusively on their exotic theories, and ignore the gigantic swathe of negative empirical evidence on their efficacy.
- I demand a fair trial These theoretical improbabilities are interesting, but theyre not going to win you any arguments: Sir fohn Forbes, physician to Queen Victoria, pointed out the dilution problem in the nineteenth century, and 150 years later the discussion has not moved on.
- The first trial appears in the Old Testament, and interestingly, although nutritionism has only recently become what we might call the bollocks du jour, it was about food.
- Daniel, on the other hand, was willing to compromise, so he suggested the first ever clinical trial: And Daniel said unto the guard … Submit us to this test for ten days.
- To an extent, thats all there is to it: theres nothing particularly mysterious about a trial, and if we wanted to see whether homeopathy pills work, we could do a very similar trial.
- In a trial — or sometimes routinely in outpatients clinic — we might ask people to measure their knee pain on a scale of one to ten every day, in a diary.
[‘traɪəl] / 1. 1) испытание, проба I took the car out for a trial on the roads. — Я взял автомобиль, чтобы испытать его на дороге. We plan to release a prototype this autumn for trial in hospitals. — Мы планируем выпустить этой осенью пробную партию, чтобы испытать её в больницах. He had just given a trial to a young woman who said she had previous experience. — Он как раз взял на испытательный срок девушку, которая сказала, что у неё есть опыт работы. trial balloon — ‘‘пробный шар’’, зондаж (обычно общественного мнения) - on trial - give a trial 2) переживание, тяжёлое испытание; искушение; злоключение to put on trial — подвергать серьёзному испытанию 3) причина недовольства или раздражения That child is a real trial to me. — Этот ребёнок - сущее наказание для меня. 4) судебное разбирательство; судебный процесс, суд open / public trial — открытый суд at a trial — на суде to be on (one’s) trial — быть под судом to stand / undergo trial — представать перед судом to bring to / put on trial — привлекать к суду to give a fair trial — судить по закону, справедливо She testified at his trial. — Она давала показания во время суда над ним. He was on trial for murder. — Его судили за убийство. They believed that his case would never come to trial. — Они полагали, что его дело никогда не дойдёт до суда. He will go on trial later this month charged with murder. — В конце месяца он предстанет перед судом по обвинению в убийстве. He was found to be mentally unfit to stand trial. — Его признали психически невменяемым, и его нельзя было привлечь к суду. speedy trial — безотлагательное судебное разбирательство - closed trial - court trial - jury trial - war-crimes trial
foster
- This process of professionalising the obvious fosters a sense of mystery around science, and health advice, which is unnecessary and destructive.
- All too often this spurious privatisation of common sense is happening in areas where we could be taking control, doing it ourselves, feeling our own potency and our ability to make sensible decisions; instead we are fostering our dependence on expensive outside systems and people.
- More importantly, you will also see how a health myth can be created, fostered and maintained by the alternative medicine industry, using all the same tricks on you, the public, which big pharma uses on doctors.
- In order to do this, they must mystify and overcomplicate diet, and foster your dependence upon them.
- But the media nutritionists speak beyond the evidence: often it is about selling pills; sometimes it is about selling dietary fads, or new diagnoses, or fostering dependence; but it is always driven by their desire to create a market for themselves, in which they are the expert, whereas you are merely bamboozled and ignorant.
- Private companies, meanwhile, have top-dollar publicrelations firepower, one single issue to promote, time to foster relationships with interested journalists, and a wily understanding of the desires of the public and the media, our collective hopes and consumer dreams.
- Carole Caplin was a New Age guru, a life coach and a people person, although her boyfriend, Peter Foster, was a convicted fraudster.
- Foster helped arrange the Blairs property deals, and he also says that they took Leo to a New Age healer, Jack Temple, who offered crystal dowsing, homoeopathy, herbalism and neolithic-circle healing in his back garden.
- Im not sure how much credence to give to Fosters claims myself, but the impact on the MMR scare is that they were widely reported at the time.
- In his youth, Ned had fostered at the Eyrie, and the childless Lord Arryn had become a second father to him and his fellow ward, Robert Baratheon.
[‘fɔstə] / 1) воспитывать, обучать, растить, проявлять родительскую заботу (о ком-л.) Syn: nurture 2. 2) затаить, питать (какое-л. чувство) ; лелеять (надежду) 3) поощрять, побуждать, стимулировать; одобрять Syn: encourage
paradigmatic
- Homeopathy is perhaps the paradigmatic example of an alternative therapy: it claims the authority of a rich historical heritage, but its history is routinely rewritten for the PR needs of a contemporary market; it has an elaborate and sciencey-sounding framework for how it works, without scientific evidence to demonstrate its veracity; and its proponents are quite clear that the pills will make you better, when in fact they have been thoroughly researched, with innumerable trials, and have been found to perform no better than placebo.
[ˌpærədɪg’mætɪk] парадигматический
heritage
- Homeopathy is perhaps the paradigmatic example of an alternative therapy: it claims the authority of a rich historical heritage, but its history is routinely rewritten for the PR needs of a contemporary market; it has an elaborate and sciencey-sounding framework for how it works, without scientific evidence to demonstrate its veracity; and its proponents are quite clear that the pills will make you better, when in fact they have been thoroughly researched, with innumerable trials, and have been found to perform no better than placebo.
- Studies of skin pigmentation (some specifically performed in Brazil) show that skin pigmentation seems not to be related to the extent of your African heritage, and suggest that colour may be coded for by a fairly small number of genes, and probably doesnt blend and even out as Oliver suggests.
[‘herɪtɪʤ] / наследство; наследие priceless heritage — бесценное наследие proud heritage — наследие, которым гордятся rich heritage — богатое наследие cultural heritage — культурное наследие family heritage — семейное наследие religious heritage — религиозное наследие to cherish one’s heritage — хранить наследство to repudiate one’s heritage — отрекаться от наследства Syn: inheritance
elaborate
- The simple theme running through all these products is that you can hoodwink your body, when in reality there are finely tuned homeostatic mechanisms, huge, elaborate systems with feedback and measuring devices, constantly calibrating and recalibrating the amounts of various different chemical constituents being sent to different parts of your body.
- Look closely at the label or advert, and you will routinely find that you are being played in an elaborate semantic game, with the complicity of the regulators: its rare to find an explicit claim, that rubbing this particular magic ingredient on your face will make you look better.
- Homeopathy is perhaps the paradigmatic example of an alternative therapy: it claims the authority of a rich historical heritage, but its history is routinely rewritten for the PR needs of a contemporary market; it has an elaborate and sciencey-sounding framework for how it works, without scientific evidence to demonstrate its veracity; and its proponents are quite clear that the pills will make you better, when in fact they have been thoroughly researched, with innumerable trials, and have been found to perform no better than placebo.
- These ten firm strikes are still carried out in homeopathy pill factories today, sometimes by elaborate, specially constructed robots.
- Closer to home for the alternative therapists, the BMJ recently published an article comparing two different placebo treatments for arm pain, one of which was a sugar pill, and one of which was a ritual, a treatment modelled on acupuncture: the trial found that the more elaborate placebo ritual had a greater benefit.
- Eighty-four female room attendants working in various hotels were divided into two groups: one group was told that cleaning hotel rooms is good exercise and satisfies the Surgeon Generals recommendations for an active lifestyle, along with elaborate explanations of how and why; the control group did not receive this cheering information, and just carried on cleaning hotel rooms.
- Will they smile, nod, and agree that their rituals have been carefully and elaborately constructed over many centuries of trial and error to elicit the best placebo response possible?
- To stop them trying to work out if wed invented anything clever like radar (which we had), the British instead started an elaborate and entirely made-up nutritionist rumour.
- In the court case, paperwork was produced as evidence in which Horrobin explicitly said things like: Obviously you could not advertise [evening primrose oil] for these purposes but equally obviously there are ways of getting the information across … Company memos described elaborate promotional schemes: planting articles on their research in the media, deploying researchers to make claims on their behalf, using radio phone-ins and the like.
- The streets of Pentos were pitch-dark when they set out in Illyrios elaborately carved palanquin.
[ɪ’læb(ə)rɪt] / ; = elaborative 1) а) тщательно, детально разработанный; продуманный; законченный; скрупулёзный, доскональный elaborate preparations — тщательные приготовления elaborate precautions — тщательные меры предосторожности б) искусно сделанный, тонкой работы; замысловатый elaborate pattern — изысканный узор, рисунок elaborate design — замысловатая конструкция в) улучшенный, усовершенствованный 2) старательный, аккуратный; усердный Syn: careful , painstaking 2. [ɪ’læb(ə)reɪt] 1) а) детально разрабатывать (тему, вопрос) ; конкретизировать, развивать, уточнять Please elaborate on this question, we need to know more. — Пожалуйста, проработайте этот вопрос подробнее, нам нужно больше данных. б) придавать законченный вид (теории, изобретению, произведению искусства) 2) производить; вырабатывать, перерабатывать (о синтезе веществ в природе) ; превращать, преобразовывать Honey is elaborated by the bee. — Мёд производят пчёлы. The sun, under whose influence one plant elaborates nutriment for man. — Солнце, под действием которого растение вырабатывает питание для человека.
veracity
- Homeopathy is perhaps the paradigmatic example of an alternative therapy: it claims the authority of a rich historical heritage, but its history is routinely rewritten for the PR needs of a contemporary market; it has an elaborate and sciencey-sounding framework for how it works, without scientific evidence to demonstrate its veracity; and its proponents are quite clear that the pills will make you better, when in fact they have been thoroughly researched, with innumerable trials, and have been found to perform no better than placebo.
[və’ræsətɪ] 1) правдивость I doubt the veracity of his words. — Я сомневаюсь в правдивости его слов. 2) достоверность, точность Authors of the greatest authority and veracity. — Самые авторитетные и заслуживающие доверия авторы. to doubt smb.’s veracity — усомниться в достоверности слов кого-л. Syn: exactness , precision 3) правда, правдивое высказывание, истина
proponents
- Homeopathy is perhaps the paradigmatic example of an alternative therapy: it claims the authority of a rich historical heritage, but its history is routinely rewritten for the PR needs of a contemporary market; it has an elaborate and sciencey-sounding framework for how it works, without scientific evidence to demonstrate its veracity; and its proponents are quite clear that the pills will make you better, when in fact they have been thoroughly researched, with innumerable trials, and have been found to perform no better than placebo.
- A large number of proponents and opponents of state executions were collected.
- The proponents and opponents of capital punishment were each further divided into two smaller groups.
- So, overall, half of the proponents and opponents of capital punishment had their opinion reinforced by before ⁄ after data, but challenged by state ⁄ state data, and vice versa.
- Half the proponents of capital punishment, for example, picked holes in the idea of state ⁄ state comparison data, on methodological grounds, because that was the data that went against their view, while they were happy with the before ⁄ after data; but the other half of the proponents of capital punishment rubbished the before ⁄ after data, because in their case they had been exposed to before ⁄ after data which challenged their view, and state ⁄ state data which supported it.
[prə’pəunənt] 1) рекомендатель; предлагающий что-л. на обсуждение Syn: propounder , proposer 2) защитник, сторонник, поборник Syn: adherent , follower
devised
- Homeopathy was devised by a German doctor named Samuel Hahnemann in the late eighteenth century.
- Hahnemann decided that the process had to be performed in a very specific way, with an eye on brand identity, or a sense of ritual and occasion, so he devised a process called succussion.
- Moreover, at the time that homeopathy was first devised by Hahnemann, nobody even knew that these problems existed, because the Italian physicist Amadeo Avogadro and his successors hadnt yet worked out how many molecules there are in a given amount of a given substance, let alone how many atoms there are in the universe.
[dɪ’vaɪz] / 1. 1) разрабатывать, продумывать (планы, идеи) ; выдумывать, изобретать Syn: conceive , contrive , formulate , invent , think out , plot I 2. 2) завещать (недвижимость) Syn: bequeath 2. ; 1) завещание; завещательный отказ недвижимости 2) завещанное имущество (в т.ч. недвижимое)
purging
- At a time when mainstream medicine consisted of blood-letting, purging and various other ineffective and dangerous evils, when new treatments were conjured up out of thin air by arbitrary authority figures who called themselves doctors, often with little evidence to support them, homeopathy would have seemed fairly reasonable.
- It was first proposed in the seventeenth century by John Baptista van Helmont, a Belgian radical who challenged the academics of his day to test their treatments like blood-letting and purging (based on theory) against his own, which he said were based more on clinical experience: Let us take out of the hospitals, out of the Camps, or from elsewhere, two hundred, or five hundred poor People, that have Fevers, Pleurisies, etc.
- He was purging Lord Arryn with wasting potions and pepper juice, and I feared he might kill him.”
[pɜːʤ] / 1. 1) очищение; очистка 2) чистка 3) слабительное Syn: laxative , purgative 2. 1) а) очищать, прочищать to purge oneself of prejudices and predispositions — избавиться от предубеждений и предвзятости б) счищать, удалять (что-л.) This medicine will help to purge away the poison in your blood. — Это лекарство поможет вывести яд из крови. How can I purge this shame from my heart? — Как мне смыть этот стыд? 2) искупать (вину) ; оправдываться to purge an offence — искупить проступок Only my father’s death purged me of the guilt that I had felt. — Только смерть моего отца избавила меня от угрызений совести. 3) проводить чистку The Party must be purged of disloyal members. — Партию нужно очистить от нелояльных элементов. 4) а) очищать кишечник; давать слабительное б) слабить
conjured up
- At a time when mainstream medicine consisted of blood-letting, purging and various other ineffective and dangerous evils, when new treatments were conjured up out of thin air by arbitrary authority figures who called themselves doctors, often with little evidence to support them, homeopathy would have seemed fairly reasonable.
- The theory of like cures like which he conjured up on that day is, in essence, the first principle of homeopathy.
[‘kʌnʤə] / 1) показывать фокусы She’s been conjuring with rabbits for several years now, I can only conjure with the aid of my young brother. — Она уже несколько лет показывает фокусы с кроликами, а у меня выходит, только если мне помогает младший брат. 2) заниматься колдовством, магией 3) = conjure up вызывать в воображении This music conjures up a picture of flowing water. — Слушая эту музыку, воображаешь струящиеся потоки воды. 4) вызывать, заклинать (духов) Each angekok has his own guardian spirit, or familiar, whom he conjures, and consults as his oracle. — Каждый эскимосский шаман имеет своего духа-хранителя, или домашнего духа, которого он вызывает и с которым советуется как с оракулом. Syn: summon 5) ; = conjure up сделать как по волшебству; сотворить чудо Jim’s sister conjured up a meal in minutes. — За какие-то минуты сестра Джима сотворила кое-что поесть. 6) [kən’ʤuə] молить, заклинать Syn: beseech , implore •• a name to conjure with — влиятельное лицо; большое влияние
arbitrary
- At a time when mainstream medicine consisted of blood-letting, purging and various other ineffective and dangerous evils, when new treatments were conjured up out of thin air by arbitrary authority figures who called themselves doctors, often with little evidence to support them, homeopathy would have seemed fairly reasonable.
- On this template, science is portrayed as groundless, incomprehensible, didactic truth statements from scientists, who themselves are socially powerful, arbitrary, unelected authority figures.
- It also reinforces the humanities graduate journalists parody of science, for which we now have all the ingredients: science is about groundless, changeable, didactic truth statements from arbitrary unelected authority figures.
- What the MRSA episode reveals to me, alongside a gut-wrenching and cavalier grandiosity, is the very same parody that we saw in our earlier review of nonsense science stories: humanities graduates in the media, perhaps feeling intellectually offended by how hard they find the science, conclude that it must simply be arbitrary, made up nonsense, to everyone.
- The scientific content of stories — the actual experimental evidence — is brushed over and replaced with didactic statements from authority figures on either side of the debate, which contributes to a pervasive sense that scientific advice is somehow arbitrary, and predicated upon a social role — the expert — rather than on transparent and readily understandable empirical evidence.
- The simplest approach is to pick an arbitrary authority figure: a doctor, perhaps, although this seems not to be appealing (in surveys people say they trust doctors the most, and journalists the least: this shows the flaw in that kind of survey).
- Only 35 per cent of stories were rated satisfactory for whether the journalist had discussed the study methodology and the quality of the evidence (because in the media, as we have seen repeatedly in this book, science is about absolute truth statements from arbitrary authority figures in white coats, rather than clear descriptions of studies, and the reasons why people draw conclusions from them).
[‘ɑːbɪtr(ə)rɪ] / 1) произвольный, случайный arbitrary choice — случайный выбор; выбор наудачу Their whole scheme of interpretation is purely arbitrary. — Вся их схема объяснения совершенно произвольна. Syn: accidental , casual 2) капризный 3) деспотический arbitrary rule — деспотизм, произвол власти arbitrary government — автократия His arbitrary decision led to a confrontation. — Его волюнтаристское решение привело к конфронтации. The conduct of the Archbishop appears to have been arbitrary and harsh. — Поведение архиепископа производило впечатление резкого, даже деспотичного. •• arbitrary signs and symbols — условные знаки и обозначения
fairly
- The first is this: you can use hocus pocus — or what Plato euphemistically called a noble myth — to make people do something fairly sensible like drink some water and have an exercise break.
- At a time when mainstream medicine consisted of blood-letting, purging and various other ineffective and dangerous evils, when new treatments were conjured up out of thin air by arbitrary authority figures who called themselves doctors, often with little evidence to support them, homeopathy would have seemed fairly reasonable.
- We should remember, though, that the improbability of homeopaths claims for how their pills might work remains fairly inconsequential, and is not central to our main observation, which is that they work no better than placebo.
- That makes it a fairly rubbish study.
- Overall, doing research robustly and fairly does not necessarily require more money, it simply requires that you think before you start.
- Dr Thompson — from what I have seen — is a fairly clear-thinking and civilised homeopath.
- So could you fairly characterise this Newsnight performance as lying?
- In defence of almost all nutritionists, I would argue that they lack the academic experience, the ill-will, and perhaps even the intellectual horsepower necessary to be fairly derided as liars.
- I can imagine plenty of reasons why you might find that people who eat olive oil have fewer wrinkles; and the olive oil having a causative role, an actual physical effect on your skin when you eat it, is fairly low down on my list.
- Whats more fun is to take our new understanding and apply it to one of the key claims of the nutrition-ism movement, and indeed to a fairly widespread belief in general: the claim that you should eat more antioxidants.
[‘feəlɪ] / 1) красиво, мило The table was set fairly. — Стол был чудесно сервирован. 2) спокойно; вежливо (о поведении человека) Syn: quietly 3) должным образом 4) беспристрастно, объективно, справедливо The story was told fairly and objectively. — История была рассказана честно и объективно. Syn: impartially , without bias 5) довольно; в некоторой степени fairly easy problem — довольно простая задачка - fairly good Syn: rather 6) чётко, ясно, отчётливо, явно I have fairly seen him. — Я отчётливо его разглядела. Syn: absolutely , quite
competition
- Hahnemanns theories differed from the competition because he decided — and theres no better word for it — that if he could find a substance which would induce the symptoms of a disease in a healthy individual, then it could be used to treat the same symptoms in a sick person.
- Twenty thousand to the man who comes second, another twenty to the winner of the melee, and ten thousand to the victor of the archery competition.”
- That afternoon a boy named Anguy, an unheralded commoner from the Dornish Marches, won the archery competition, outshooting Ser Balon Swann and Jalabhar Xho at a hundred paces after all the other bowmen had been eliminated at the shorter distances.
[ˌkɔmpə’tɪʃ(ə)n] / 1) соревнование, состязание 2) конкурс; конкурсное испытание, конкурсный экзамен The place will be filled by open competition. — Это место будет занято по результатам открытого конкурсного экзамена. Syn: contest 1. 3) конкуренция, соперничество, спор Syn: emulation , rivalry 4) (the competition) конкуренты, конкурирующая среда At least, it discouraged the competition. — По крайней мере, это испугало конкурентов. 5) конкуренция (за ограниченный ресурс) (между видами со сходными экологическими требованиями)
induce
- Hahnemanns theories differed from the competition because he decided — and theres no better word for it — that if he could find a substance which would induce the symptoms of a disease in a healthy individual, then it could be used to treat the same symptoms in a sick person.
- Giving out chemicals and herbs could be a dangerous business, since they can have genuine effects on the body (they induce symptoms, as Hahnemann identified).
- In fact he went further than this: the more you dilute a substance, the more powerful it becomes at treating the symptoms it would otherwise induce.
- In fact he passed a tube down into their stomachs (so that they wouldnt taste the revolting bitterness) and administered ipecac, a drug that which should actually induce nausea and vomiting.
- Its been shown, for example, that the effects of a real drug in the body can sometimes be induced by the placebo version, not only in humans, but also in animals.
- Once the association was set up with sufficient repetition, they found that the flavoured drink on its own could induce modest immune suppression.
- As a further inducement I suggest we each post, say, £1,000, with an independent stakeholder.
[ɪn’djuːs] / 1) побуждать, склонять, убеждать Syn: prompt , impel , cajole , coax , persuade , urge Ant: discourage , hinder , repel , subdue 2) вызывать; стимулировать; приводить (к чему-л.) Syn: bring on , cause 2., produce 3) индуцировать 4) а) выводить умозаключение (путём индукции) б) делать вывод From a sufficient number of results a proposition or law is induced. — Исходя из достаточного количества результатов можно сделать вывод или установить закономерность.
remedy
- His first homeopathic remedy was Cinchona bark, which was suggested as a treatment for malaria.
- With each dilution the glass vessel containing the remedy is shaken by ten firm strikes against a hard but elastic object.
- A group of volunteers, anywhere from one person to a couple of dozen, come together and take six doses of the remedy being proved, at a range of dilutions, over the course of two days, keeping a diary of the mental, physical and emotional sensations, including dreams, experienced over this time.
- At the end of the proving, the master prover will collate the information from the diaries, and this long, unsystematic list of symptoms and dreams from a small number of people will become the symptom picture for that remedy, written in a big book and revered, in some cases, for all time.
- When you go to a homeopath, he or she will try to match your symptoms to the ones caused by a remedy in a proving.
- Hahnemann professed, and indeed recommended, complete ignorance of the physiological processes going on inside the body: he treated it as a black box, with medicines going in and effects coming out, and championed only empirical data, the effects of the medicine on symptoms (The totality of symptoms and circumstances observed in each individual case, he said, is the one and only indication that can lead us to the choice of the remedy).
- You might take a homeopathic remedy.
- Homeopaths increase the odds of a perceived success in their treatments even further by talking about aggravations, explaining that sometimes the correct remedy can make symptoms get worse before they get better, and claiming that this is part of the treatment process.
- The study by Gibson et al. did not mention randomisation, nor did it deign to mention the dose of the homeopathic remedy, or the frequency with which it was given.
- Then the interviewer asks: What would you say to people who go along to their high street pharmacy, where you can buy homeopathic remedies, they have hay fever and they pick out a hay-fever remedy, I mean presumably thats not the way it works?
[‘remədɪ] / 1. 1) а) средство от болезни, лекарство sure / reliable / certain remedy — верное, испытанное средство effective / efficacious remedy — эффективное средство to prescribe a remedy — выписать лекарство to resort to a remedy — прибегать к лекарству cold remedy — лекарство от простуды cough remedy — лекарство от кашля folk remedy — народное средство homeopathic remedy — гомеопатическое средство Syn: drug , medicine б) применение лекарства; лечение, уход Syn: application , treatment 2) средство, мера (против чего-л.) to apply remedies — принять меры 3) средство судебной защиты, средство защиты права equitable remedy — средство судебной защиты по праву справедливости to exhaust all legal remedies — исчерпать все судебные средства to pursue a legal remedy — добиваться судебной защиты 2. 1) исправлять (положение, вещь) to remedy the defects — исправить дефекты Syn: put right , rectify 2) вылечивать, излечивать, исцелять Syn: heal , cure I 2.
languid
- He took some himself, at a high dose, and experienced symptoms which he decided were similar to those of malaria itself: My feet and finger-tips at once became cold; I grew languid and drowsy; my heart began to palpitate; my pulse became hard and quick; an intolerable anxiety and trembling arose … prostration … pulsation in the head, redness in the cheek and raging thirst … intermittent fever … stupefaction … rigidity … – and so on.
- They arrived, flushed and breathless, to find Jon seated on the sill, one leg drawn up languidly to his chin.
- Illyrio waved a languid hand in the air, rings glittering on his fat fingers.
[‘læŋgwɪd] / 1) а) слабый, ослабевший; вялый Syn: faint , weak б) медлительный languid stream — медленно текущий ручей 2) а) безжизненный, вялый; апатичный, бездеятельный languid attempt — слабая попытка Syn: spiritless , listless , apathetic , indifferent б) неинтересный, скучный Syn: sluggish , dull 3) блёклый, бледный (о цвете) Syn: faint , pale
palpitate
- He took some himself, at a high dose, and experienced symptoms which he decided were similar to those of malaria itself: My feet and finger-tips at once became cold; I grew languid and drowsy; my heart began to palpitate; my pulse became hard and quick; an intolerable anxiety and trembling arose … prostration … pulsation in the head, redness in the cheek and raging thirst … intermittent fever … stupefaction … rigidity … – and so on.
[‘pælpɪteɪt] / а) биться, пульсировать, дрожать, трепетать She lay on the bed her eyes closed and her bosom palpitating. — Она лежала на кровати с закрытыми глазами, её грудь вздымалась. He felt suddenly faint, and his heart began to palpitate. — Он внезапно почувствовал слабость, его сердце учащённо забилось. б) вгонять в дрожь, в трепет
intolerable
- He took some himself, at a high dose, and experienced symptoms which he decided were similar to those of malaria itself: My feet and finger-tips at once became cold; I grew languid and drowsy; my heart began to palpitate; my pulse became hard and quick; an intolerable anxiety and trembling arose … prostration … pulsation in the head, redness in the cheek and raging thirst … intermittent fever … stupefaction … rigidity … – and so on.
[ɪn’tɔl(ə)rəbl] / а) невыносимый, нестерпимый; несносный This noise is just intolerable! — Этот шум просто невыносим! Syn: unbearable , insufferable б) недопустимый It’s intolerable to allow hardened criminals to roam our streets. — Недопустимо позволять всяким отпетым негодяям как ни в чем не бывало разгуливать по улицам.
intermittent
- Again, we should focus for a moment on what is good about Brain Gym, because when you strip away the nonsense, it advocates regular breaks, intermittent light exercise, and drinking plenty of water.
- He took some himself, at a high dose, and experienced symptoms which he decided were similar to those of malaria itself: My feet and finger-tips at once became cold; I grew languid and drowsy; my heart began to palpitate; my pulse became hard and quick; an intolerable anxiety and trembling arose … prostration … pulsation in the head, redness in the cheek and raging thirst … intermittent fever … stupefaction … rigidity … – and so on.
[ˌɪntə’mɪt(ə)nt] / скачкообразный, прерывистый; перемежающийся intermittent pulse — пульс с перебоями intermittent claudication — перемежающаяся хромота - intermittent contact Syn: spasmodic , uneven
stupefaction
- He took some himself, at a high dose, and experienced symptoms which he decided were similar to those of malaria itself: My feet and finger-tips at once became cold; I grew languid and drowsy; my heart began to palpitate; my pulse became hard and quick; an intolerable anxiety and trembling arose … prostration … pulsation in the head, redness in the cheek and raging thirst … intermittent fever … stupefaction … rigidity … – and so on.
[ˌstjuːpɪ’fækʃ(ə)n] 1) оцепенение, остолбенение He sat in complete stupefaction, drinking his beer. — Он сидел в полном оцепенении, потягивая пиво. Syn: numbness , stupor , torpor 2) изумление, удивление Syn: amazement , astonishment 3) ступор, помрачение сознания
rigidity
- He took some himself, at a high dose, and experienced symptoms which he decided were similar to those of malaria itself: My feet and finger-tips at once became cold; I grew languid and drowsy; my heart began to palpitate; my pulse became hard and quick; an intolerable anxiety and trembling arose … prostration … pulsation in the head, redness in the cheek and raging thirst … intermittent fever … stupefaction … rigidity … – and so on.
[rɪ’ʤɪdətɪ] / 1) жёсткость; твёрдость; упругость, неэластичность rigidity of glass — твёрдость стекла - modulus of rigidity Syn: stiffness , hardness , solidity 2) негибкость; непоколебимость, непреклонность, стойкость rigidity of government policy — негибкость политики правительства Syn: inflexibility , firmness , steadfastness 3) строгость, суровость Syn: severity , harshness , strictness 4) ригидность (состояние, при котором снижена приспособляемость, переключаемость психических процессов к меняющимся требованиям среды)
idiosyncratic
- Hahnemann assumed that everyone would experience these symptoms if they took Cinchona (although theres some evidence that he just experienced an idiosyncratic adverse reaction).
- Blinding is not some obscure piece of nitpicking, idiosyncratic to pedants like me, used to attack alternative therapies.
- Each undermines and distorts science in its own idiosyncratic way.
- We are presented instead with a huge morass of data, from a number of different studies, all of which are flawed in their own idiosyncratic ways for reasons of cost, competence and so on.
[ˌɪdɪəsɪŋ’krætɪk] 1) отличительный, характерный, уникальный 2) идиосинкратический, идиосинкразический
giving out
- Giving out chemicals and herbs could be a dangerous business, since they can have genuine effects on the body (they induce symptoms, as Hahnemann identified).
give out 1) испускать, выделять (звук, свет) The sun gives out light and heat to the earth. — Солнце дает земле тепло и свет. The ship gave out radio signals for help until she sank. — Корабль подавал по радио сигналы бедствия, пока не затонул. 2) обнародовать; объявлять, провозглашать; распускать слухи The news was given out that the political leader had died. — Распространились слухи, что этот политик умер. 3) выдавать (за кого-л.) to give oneself out to be smb. — выдать себя за кого-л. to give oneself out for / as a doctor — выдавать себя за врача to give oneself out to be a foreigner — выдавать себя за иностранца 4) иссякать, кончаться (о запасах, силах) His strength gave out after running that long distance. — После пробега такой длинной дистанции его силы иссякли. Syn: break down , conk out , cut out , kick off , pack up 5) перестать работать, отказать Halfway up the hill, the engine gave out and we had to push the car the rest of the way. — На полпути в гору двигатель отказал, и дальше нам пришлось толкать автомобиль.
induce
- Hahnemanns theories differed from the competition because he decided — and theres no better word for it — that if he could find a substance which would induce the symptoms of a disease in a healthy individual, then it could be used to treat the same symptoms in a sick person.
- Giving out chemicals and herbs could be a dangerous business, since they can have genuine effects on the body (they induce symptoms, as Hahnemann identified).
- In fact he went further than this: the more you dilute a substance, the more powerful it becomes at treating the symptoms it would otherwise induce.
- In fact he passed a tube down into their stomachs (so that they wouldnt taste the revolting bitterness) and administered ipecac, a drug that which should actually induce nausea and vomiting.
- Its been shown, for example, that the effects of a real drug in the body can sometimes be induced by the placebo version, not only in humans, but also in animals.
- Once the association was set up with sufficient repetition, they found that the flavoured drink on its own could induce modest immune suppression.
- As a further inducement I suggest we each post, say, £1,000, with an independent stakeholder.
induce [ɪn’djuːs] / 1) побуждать, склонять, убеждать Syn: prompt , impel , cajole , coax , persuade , urge Ant: discourage , hinder , repel , subdue 2) вызывать; стимулировать; приводить (к чему-л.) Syn: bring on , cause 2., produce 3) индуцировать 4) а) выводить умозаключение (путём индукции) б) делать вывод From a sufficient number of results a proposition or law is induced. — Исходя из достаточного количества результатов можно сделать вывод или установить закономерность.
diluted
- But he solved that problem with his second great inspiration, and the key feature of homeopathy that most people would recognise today: he decided — again, thats the only word for it — that if you diluted a substance, this would potentise its ability to cure symptoms, enhancing its spirit-like medicinal powers, and at the same time, as luck would have it, also reducing its side-effects.
- Most people know that homeopathic remedies are diluted to such an extent that there will be no molecules of it left in the dose you get.
- What you might not know is just how far these remedies are diluted.
- The typical homeopathic dilution is 30C: this means that the original substance has been diluted by one drop in a hundred, thirty times over.
- At a homeopathic dilution of 200C (you can buy much higher dilutions from any homeopathic supplier) the treating substance is diluted more than the total number of atoms in the universe, and by an enormously huge margin.
- And for all homeopaths talk about the memory of water, we should remember that what you actually take, in general, is a little sugar pill, not a teaspoon of homeopathically diluted water — so they should start thinking about the memory of sugar, too.
[daɪ’luːt] / 1. 1) разжижать, разбавлять If you dilute the soup with hot water it will feed more people. — Если разбавить суп кипятком, можно будет накормить большее число людей. Syn: attenuate 2) обескровливать, выхолащивать (содержание чего-л.) ; упрощать The government’s new law on wage and price control is diluted with exceptions. — Новый закон о контроле за ростом цен выхолощен поправками и оговорками. 3) делать менее выразительным 4) понижать стоимость акций путём увеличения их числа 2. 1) разбавленный, разведённый (о жидкостях, растворах) 2) приглушённый, светлый (о цвете) 3) ничтожный, жалкий, презренный Syn: weak , enfeebled , poor , paltry
potentise
- But he solved that problem with his second great inspiration, and the key feature of homeopathy that most people would recognise today: he decided — again, thats the only word for it — that if you diluted a substance, this would potentise its ability to cure symptoms, enhancing its spirit-like medicinal powers, and at the same time, as luck would have it, also reducing its side-effects.
- But at the last minute, without their knowledge, we would switch half of the patients homeopathic sugar pills, giving them dud sugar pills, that have not been magically potentised by homeopathy.
potentize po¦tent|ize verb [with obj.] make stronger or more potent ■ make (a homeopathic medicine) more powerful by diluting and shaking it Derivatives: potentization noun
occasion
- Hahnemann decided that the process had to be performed in a very specific way, with an eye on brand identity, or a sense of ritual and occasion, so he devised a process called succussion.
- Again, they cannot say No (or at least not with any meaning — they might say it in a tantrum), because they have no possible way of knowing whether they were going to get better anyway, on the occasions when they apparently got better after seeing a homeopath.
- There have been occasions in medical history where researchers were more cavalier.
- Occasionally there may be some good evidence for their assertions (although I cant imagine the point of taking health advice from someone who is only occasionally correct).
- On the occasion we are interested in, Patrick Holford was angry about a meta-analysis on omega-3 fats (such as fish oils), co-authored by Professor Carolyn Summerbell: she holds the full-time academic chair in Nutrition at Teesside University, where she is also Assistant Dean of Research, with a long-standing track record of published academic research in the field of nutrition.
- Patrick Holford, for example, will occasionally respond on an issue of evidence, but often, it seems to me, by producing an even greater cloud of sciencey material: enough to shoo off many critics, perhaps, and certainly reassuring for the followers, but anybody daring to question must be ready to address a potentially exponential mass of content, both from Holford, and also from his extensive array of paid staff.
- * ≡ I have argued on various occasions that, wherever possible, all treatment where there is uncertainty should be randomised, and in the NHS we are theoretically in a unique administrative position to be able to facilitate this, as a gift to the world.
- On not one occasion did the manufacturers drug come out worse.
- The guilt niggles occasionally, but Mondays your day in clinic, so Tuesdays the beginning of the week really, and theres the departmental meeting on Wednesday, so Thursdays the only day you can get any proper work done, because Fridays your teaching day, and before you know it, a year has passed, your supervisor retires, the new guy doesnt even know the experiment ever happened, and the negative trial data is forgotten forever, unpublished.
- In all but a quarter of the cases, the experimental subjects went along with the incorrect answer from the crowd of accomplices on one or more occasions, defying the clear evidence of their own senses.
[ə’keɪʒ(ə)n] / 1. 1) возможность, случай, шанс on numerous occasions — часто; неоднократно fitting / propitious occasion — подходящая возможность, удобный случай to have an occasion — иметь возможность to take an occasion — воспользоваться случаем I had no occasion to speak with them. — У меня не было возможности поговорить с ними. Such an occasion arose when we left Hollywood to do a film on location in the Arizona desert. — Такая возможность представилась, когда мы покинули Голливуд и отправились на натурные съёмки в пустыню Аризоны. - on occasions - on occasion 2) а) основание, причина; повод, обстоятельство His insulting remark was the occasion of a bitter quarrel. — Его оскорбительное замечание послужило поводом для большой ссоры. Syn: cause 1., reason 1. б) человек, ставший (случайной) причиной чего-л. He will not forget those who have been the occasions of cruelty. — Он не забудет тех, кто стал причиной жестокости. 3) происшествие, случай, событие, явление Syn: happening , incident 1. 4) важное событие gala occasion — торжественное событие happy / joyful / joyous occasion — счастливое, радостное событие memorable occasion — памятное событие official occasion — официальное празднование special occasion — особенное событие unforgettable occasion — незабываемое событие this festive occasion — этот праздник to celebrate / mark / observe an occasion — отмечать событие
succussion
- Hahnemann decided that the process had to be performed in a very specific way, with an eye on brand identity, or a sense of ritual and occasion, so he devised a process called succussion.
- Its not about the dilution, he said: its the succussion.
succussion суккуссия (диагностический прием для выявления шума плеска)
firm
- They are at the other end of the spectrum from the detox industry: this is a tightly regulated industry, with big money to be made from nonsense, and so we find large, well-organised teams from international biotech firms generating elegant, distracting, suggestive, but utterly defensible pseudoscience.
- Beeswax is better than honey as an emulsifier, and you can modify the creams consistency for yourself: more beeswax will make it firmer, more oil will make it softer, and more water makes it sort of fluffier, but increases the risk of the ingredients separating out.
- With each dilution the glass vessel containing the remedy is shaken by ten firm strikes against a hard but elastic object.
- These ten firm strikes are still carried out in homeopathy pill factories today, sometimes by elaborate, specially constructed robots.
- The patients in one group were told, I cannot be certain of what the matter is with you, and two weeks later only 39 per cent were better; the other group were given a firm diagnosis, with no messing about, and confidently told they would be better within a few days.
- If youd like to borrow my second edition copy of Epstein and de Bonos Clinical Examination (I dont think there were many people in my year at medical school who didnt buy a copy), youll discover that to examine for lymphoedema, you press firmly for around thirty seconds, to gently compress the exuded fluid out of the tissues, then take your fingers away, and look to see if they have left a dent behind.
- If youd like to borrow my second edition copy of Epstein and de Bonos Clinical Examination (I dont think there were many people in my year at medical school who didnt buy a copy), youll discover that to examine for lymphoedema, you press firmly for around thirty seconds, to gently compress the exuded fluid out of the tissues, then take your fingers away, and look to see if they have left a dent behind.
- Being scrupulously polite, and yet firm, the only sensible answer, surely, would be to say: Im not entirely sure I can accept your precis or your interpretation of that data without checking it myself.
- The equation for the beergoggle effect, whereby ladies become more attractive after some ale, was produced by Dr Nathan Efron, Professor of Clinical Optometry at the University of Manchester, and sponsored by the optical products manufacturer Bausch & Lomb; the formula for the perfect penalty kick, by Dr David Lewis of Liverpool John Moores, was sponsored by Ladbrokes; the formula for the perfect way to pull a Christmas cracker, by Dr Paul Stevenson of the University of Surrey, was commissioned by Tesco; the formula for the perfect beach, by Dr Dimitrios Buhalis of the University of Surrey, sponsored by travel firm Opodo.
- While in the paper it is stated that they were sequential referrals to a clinic, in fact Wakefield was already being paid £50,000 of legal aid money by a firm of solicitors to investigate children whose parents were preparing a case against MMR, and the GMC is further investigating where the patients in the study came from, because it seems that many of Wakefields referrals had come to him specifically as someone who could show a link between MMR and autism, whether formally or informally, and was working on a legal case.
[fɜːm] / 1. 1) крепкий, прочный, твёрдый to be on firm ground — иметь твёрдую почву под ногами; чувствовать себя уверенно Syn: strong , solid 2) устойчивый, зафиксированный (о положении предмета в пространстве) Syn: steady , stable 3) конкурентоспособный, устойчивый The pound was firm against the dollar. — Курс фунта был устойчив по отношению к доллару. - firm price Syn: competitive 4) учреждённый, принятый (о положении, законе) Syn: fixed , settled , established 5) непоколебимый, непреклонный, решительный It is my firm belief. — Я твёрдо верю в это. - firm of purpose Syn: constant , steadfast , unflinching , unshaken , unwavering 6) строгий firm with children — строгий к детям Syn: strict 2. крепко, твёрдо Syn: fixedly , steadfastly 3. 1) = firm up а) сжимать, натягивать б) сжиматься, натягиваться • Syn: tighten 2) уплотнять, утрамбовывать (например, землю) 3) = firm up приводить в порядок, улаживать; окончательно устанавливать to firm a contact — установить контакт to firm up plans — утвердить план Syn: settle 4) укреплять (оказывать дополнительную поддержку) Syn:
bespoke
- For this purpose Hahnemann had a saddlemaker construct a bespoke wooden striking board, covered in leather on one side, and stuffed with horsehair.
[bɪ’spəuk] 1. сделанный на заказ 2. , от bespeak
collate
- At the end of the proving, the master prover will collate the information from the diaries, and this long, unsystematic list of symptoms and dreams from a small number of people will become the symptom picture for that remedy, written in a big book and revered, in some cases, for all time.
- People do experience that homeopathy is positive for them, but the action is likely to be in the whole process of going to see a homeopath, of being listened to, having some kind of explanation for your symptoms, and all the other collateral benefits of old – fashioned, paternalistic, reassuring medicine.
- And here, it seems that this placebo explanation — even if grounded in sheer fantasy — can be beneficial to a patient, although interestingly, perhaps not without collateral damage, and it must be done delicately: assertively and authoritatively giving someone access to the sick role can also reinforce destructive illness beliefs and behaviours, unnecessarily medicalise symptoms like aching muscles (which for many people are everyday occurrences), and militate against people getting on with life and getting better.
- These reports can be collated and monitored as an early warning sign, and are a part of the imperfect, pragmatic monitoring system for picking up problems with medications.
[kə’leɪt] / 1) критически рассматривать, сравнивать, сопоставлять 2) проверять нумерацию страниц печатаемой книги 3) располагать, складывать в нужном порядке 4) жаловать бенефиций
revered
- At the end of the proving, the master prover will collate the information from the diaries, and this long, unsystematic list of symptoms and dreams from a small number of people will become the symptom picture for that remedy, written in a big book and revered, in some cases, for all time.
[rɪ’vɪə] / а) уважать; чтить, почитать to revere smb.’s memory — почитать чью-л. память Syn: respect , esteem Ant: contemn , despise , slight б) благоговеть, боготворить, преклоняться Syn: adore , idolize , venerate , worship
nauseous
- It might be a nocebo effect, the opposite of placebo, where people feel bad because theyre expecting to (I bet I could make you feel nauseous right now by telling you some home truths about how your last processed meal was made); it might be a form of group hysteria (Are there fleas in this sofa?); one of them might experience a tummy ache that was coming on anyway; or they might all get the same mild cold together; and soon.
[‘nɔːsɪəs], [‘nɔːʃəs] / 1) вызывающий тошноту, тошнотворный; вонючий Syn: nauseating 2) отвратительный, противный A nauseous wave of pain broke over her. — Приступ ужасной боли охватил её.
tummy
- It might be a nocebo effect, the opposite of placebo, where people feel bad because theyre expecting to (I bet I could make you feel nauseous right now by telling you some home truths about how your last processed meal was made); it might be a form of group hysteria (Are there fleas in this sofa?); one of them might experience a tummy ache that was coming on anyway; or they might all get the same mild cold together; and soon.
[‘tʌmɪ] ; 1) животик, пузико 2) а) боль в области живота б) эндогенный для какой-либо географической области понос (в этом значении употребляется с указанием этой области) He’s sick. Says he’s got Bombay tummy. — Он болен. Говорят, у него бомбейский понос.
ignorance
- Hahnemann professed, and indeed recommended, complete ignorance of the physiological processes going on inside the body: he treated it as a black box, with medicines going in and effects coming out, and championed only empirical data, the effects of the medicine on symptoms (The totality of symptoms and circumstances observed in each individual case, he said, is the one and only indication that can lead us to the choice of the remedy).
- Now the tables are turned: today the medical profession is frequently happy to accept ignorance of the details of mechanism, as long as trial data shows that treatments are effective (we aim to abandon the ones that arent), whereas homeopaths rely exclusively on their exotic theories, and ignore the gigantic swathe of negative empirical evidence on their efficacy.
- We do not know how general anaesthetics work, but we know that they do work, and we use them despite our ignorance of the mechanism.
- Their literature and debates drip with ignorance, and vitriolic anger at anyone who dares to appraise the trials.
- They choose death, through ignorance and laziness, but you choose life, fresh fish, olive oil, and thats why youre healthy.
- My basic hypothesis is this: the people who run the media are humanities graduates with little understanding of science, who wear their ignorance as a badge of honour.
- Most people are aware that there was a statistical error in the prosecution case, but few know the true story, or the phenomenal extent of the statistical ignorance that went on in the case.
- In his stubborn ignorance, he had not even known he was being mocked; the carts were for eunuchs, cripples, women giving birth, the very young and the very old.
- You are a child, with a childs ignorance.
[‘ɪgn(ə)r(ə)n(t)s] / 1) невежественность, невежество, необразованность to betray / demonstrate ignorance — обнаруживать невежество to display / show ignorance — проявлять невежество abysmal / profound / total / complete ignorance — безграничное / глубокое / полное невежество blatant / crass / rank — грубое невежество 2) неведение, незнание from / through ignorance — по неведению blissful ignorance — блаженное неведение in ignorance of smth. — в неведении относительно чего-л. ignorance about smth. — незнание чего-л.
conventional
- Conventional medicine in Hahnemanns time was obsessed with theory, and was hugely proud of basing its practice on a rational understanding of anatomy and the workings of the body.
- Academics conventionally measure the quality of a study using standardised tools like the Jadad score, a sevenpoint tick list that includes things weve been talking about, like Did they describe the method of randomisation? and Was plenty of numerical information provided?
- Viewers believed they had seen a patient having chest surgery with only acupuncture as anaesthesia: in fact this was not the case, and once again the patient had received an array of conventional medications to allow the operation to be performed.
- Sorry: a qualified, conventional medical doctor who attended an accredited medical school.
- They kindly contacted the inventor, who informed me that they have always been clear that the QLink does not use electronics components in a conventional electronic way.
- In the UK, his adverts claimed that 90 per cent of patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer die within months of starting treatment, and suggested that three million lives could be saved if cancer patients stopped being treated by conventional medicine.
- Similarly, while I could reel out a few stories of alternative therapists customers whove died unnecessarily, it seems to me that people who choose to see alternative therapists (except for nutrition therapists, who have worked very hard to confuse the public and to brand themselves as conventional evidence-based practitioners) make that choice with their eyes open, or at least only half closed.
[kən’ven(t)ʃ(ə)n(ə)l] 1) обычный, обыкновенный, традиционный; общепринятый You can cook the meat either in a microwave or in a conventional oven. — Мясо можно приготовить как в микроволновой печи, так и в обыкновенной духовке. Her views are remarkably conventional. — Её взгляды абсолютно традиционны. - conventional wisdom Syn: usual 1., customary , habitual , traditional 2) консервативный Karen was very conventional about her views of marriage. — Карен была очень консервативна в своих взглядах на брак. Syn: conservative 1. 3) определённый договором или соглашением conventional obligations — договорные обязательства 4) условный, установленный по условию conventional symbols — условные символы 5) традиционный, консервативный Sir David Wilkie’s The Blind Fiddler exemplifies the sort of conventional art that the Pre-Raphaelites challenged at mid-nineteenth century. — ‘‘Слепой скрипач’’ сэра Дэвида Уилки являет собой пример традиционного искусства, с которым боролись прерафаэлиты в середине 19 столетия. 6) условный, символический; схематический The Gothic M does, in fact, look very much like a conventional lily. — В самом деле, готическая буква ‘‘М’’ очень похожа на условное изображение лилии. 7) обычный, неатомный, неядерный (о вооружении) conventional weapons — обычное оружие Proposal for an agreement on the limitation and reduction of conventional armaments and armed forces was submitted by the Soviet Union to the UN Disarmament Commission on 27 March 1956. — 27 марта 1956 г. Комитет ООН по разоружению получил от Советского Союза предложение оформить соглашение по ограничению и сокращению обычного вооружения и численности вооружённых сил. 8) стандартный; удовлетворяющий техническим условиям
swathe
- Now the tables are turned: today the medical profession is frequently happy to accept ignorance of the details of mechanism, as long as trial data shows that treatments are effective (we aim to abandon the ones that arent), whereas homeopaths rely exclusively on their exotic theories, and ignore the gigantic swathe of negative empirical evidence on their efficacy.
- He had burned himself more badly than he knew throwing the flaming drapes, and his right hand was swathed in silk halfway to the elbow.
[sweɪð] / 1. 1) а) бинт; обмотка Syn: bandage , winding б) бандаж 2) что-л. обволакивающее Grey swathes of cloud still hung about the hills. — Серые тучи всё ещё висели над холмами. 2. 1) бинтовать 2) закутывать, обматывать, пеленать elegant women, swathed in expensive furs — элегантные женщины, одетые в дорогие меха If you swathe the baby in too many wool covers, he will get overheated. — Если вы будете сильно кутать малыша, он вспотеет. The mists that swathed the primeval chaos. — Мгла, окутывавшая первобытный хаос.
extent
- Experiments have shown that people are quite bad at estimating the knowledge of others: if we know the answer to a question about a piece of trivia, we overestimate the question about a piece of trivia, we overestimate the extent to which other people will know that answer too.
- Most people know that homeopathic remedies are diluted to such an extent that there will be no molecules of it left in the dose you get.
- It seems obvious to them, and to an extent it is.
- To an extent, thats all there is to it: theres nothing particularly mysterious about a trial, and if we wanted to see whether homeopathy pills work, we could do a very similar trial.
- Most people have found that they can take their minds off pain — to at least some extent — with distraction, or have had a toothache which got worse with stress.
- It may sound disproportionate to suggest that I will continue to point out these obfuscations for as long as they are made, but I will, because to me, there is a strange fascination in tracking their true extent.
- To an extent these are political and development issues, which we should leave for another day; and I have a promise to pay out on: you want to be able to take the skills youve learnt about levels of evidence and distortions of research, and understand how the pharmaceutical industry distorts data, and pulls the wool over our eyes.
- Studies of skin pigmentation (some specifically performed in Brazil) show that skin pigmentation seems not to be related to the extent of your African heritage, and suggest that colour may be coded for by a fairly small number of genes, and probably doesnt blend and even out as Oliver suggests.
- To an extent, when we discussed the subject earlier I relied on your good will, and on the likelihood that from your own experience you could agree that this explanation made sense.
- Most people are aware that there was a statistical error in the prosecution case, but few know the true story, or the phenomenal extent of the statistical ignorance that went on in the case.
[ɪk’stent], [ek-] / 1) пространство, протяжение, расстояние, протяженность; объём in area extent — по площади to its full extent — во всю ширь They occupied only a small extent of England. — Они захватили только малую часть Англии. Syn: size , space , room 2) мера, степень, рамки, пределы to a certain extent — в известной степени to a lesser extent — в меньшей степени to some extent — до некоторой степени; в некотором роде to the extent of — до размера, в пределах extent of mineralization — степень минерализованности Syn: scope I 3) размер, величина extent of business — размер операций, объём операций The extent of kite’s wings is more than five feet. — Размер крыльев коршуна составляет
margin
- 2 Brain Gym Under normal circumstances this should be the part of the book where I fall into a rage over creationism, to gales of applause, even though its a marginal issue in British schools.
- You might imagine that this nonsense is a marginal, peripheral trend which I have contrived to find in a small number of isolated, - misguided schools.
- Once you know this, shopping becomes marginally more interesting.
- At a homeopathic dilution of 200C (you can buy much higher dilutions from any homeopathic supplier) the treating substance is diluted more than the total number of atoms in the universe, and by an enormously huge margin.
- Once you realise this, it makes the colour supplements a marginally more interesting read: the alternative therapy columnist will make a dramatic and scientifically untenable claim for glucosamine, stating that it will improve the joint pain of a reader who has written in; the pill company, meanwhile, will have a full-page advertisement for glucosamine, which merely states the dose and possibly makes a bland claim at the level of basic biology, rather than about clinical efficacy: Glucosamine is a known chemical constituent of cartilage.
- You may be amused to know that the single positive trial referenced by Holford is not just the smallest, but also the briefest study in this review, by a wide margin.
- These results were in no sense dramatic — and they cannot be compared to the demonstrable life-saving benefits of anti-retrovirals — but they did show that improved diet, or cheap generic vitamin pills, could represent a simple and relatively inexpensive way to marginally delay the need to start HIV medication in some patients.
- Eclampsia, say, is estimated to cause 50,000 deaths in pregnancy around the world each year, and the best treatment, by a huge margin, is cheap, unpatented, magnesium sulphate (high doses intravenously, that is, not some alternative medicine supplement, but also not the expensive anti-convulsants that were used for many decades).
- For all that it may seem trite and voyeuristic to you, this event was central to the coverage of MMR. 2002 was the year of Leo Blair, the year of Wakefields departure from the Royal Free, and it was the peak of the media coverage, by a very long margin.
[‘mɑːʤɪn] / 1. 1) поле (страницы) to write / leave notes / remarks on / in the margins — делать заметки на полях to adjust / set a margin — устанавливать поле (при печатании на машинке) to justify a margin — выравнивать границу (в текстовом редакторе) comfortable / handsome / large / wide margin — большие, широкие поля narrow / slender / slim / small margin — узкие поля 2) а) кромка, край; приграничная область; берег continental margin — границы материка She stood there all alone at the margin of the woods. — Она стояла совсем одна на опушке леса. Syn: edge , border 1., brink б) периферия (менее важная, типичная часть) on the margins of society — на задворках общества в) граница, предел (чего-л. допустимого, возможного) margin of error — предел погрешности on the margin of poverty / good taste — на грани нищеты / безвкусицы within a certain margin of hours — в пределах отпущенного времени 3) запас, резерв (времени, денег и пр.) margin for error / mistakes — поправка на возможные ошибки - margin of safety 4) разница; преимущество by a slim / narrow margin — с небольшим преимуществом The bill passed by a one-vote margin. — Законопроект был принят с преимуществом в один голос. They won by a margin of two points. — Они победили с преимуществом в два очка. 5) а) прибыль, разница между покупной и продажной ценой; маржа б) гарантийный задаток, взнос 6) а) детали и части деталей, не являющиеся скрепляющими б) части шифера или черепицы, не покрытые лежащими выше листами 2. 1) делать, оставлять поля (на страницах книги) Syn: border 2. 2) а) снабжать маленькими комментариями; украшать незначительными деталями, оттенять (литературное произведение, речь) б) оставлять, делать заметки на полях 3) а) окаймлять, окружать, обрамлять (некоторое пространство) The yellow leaf is margined with green. — Листок с зелёной каёмкой. б) заключать в себе • Syn: border 2., edge , fringe 4) вносить, предоставлять задаток; использовать в качестве задатка
improbability
- We should remember, though, that the improbability of homeopaths claims for how their pills might work remains fairly inconsequential, and is not central to our main observation, which is that they work no better than placebo.
[ɪmˌprɔbə’bɪlətɪ] невероятность, неправдоподобие; невероятное событие Syn: incredibility
inconsequential
- We should remember, though, that the improbability of homeopaths claims for how their pills might work remains fairly inconsequential, and is not central to our main observation, which is that they work no better than placebo.
[ɪn’kɔn(t)sɪkwənt] / ; = inconsequential 1) алогический, алогичный, нелогичный, непоследовательный (как о фактах, рассуждениях, так и о человеке) He is inconsequent to his own principles. — Он противоречит своим собственным принципам. to talk in an inconsequent way — говорить сбивчиво, непоследовательно Syn: illogical , disconnected , inconsecutive 2) неуместный; не имеющий отношения к делу Syn: irrelevant 3) несущественный; неважный, незначительный Syn: inessential , immaterial
abdomen
- I myself have cut deep into a mans abdomen and rummaged around his intestines in an operating theatre — heavily supervised, I hasten to add — while he was knocked out by anaesthetics, and the gaps in our knowledge regarding their mode of action didnt bother either me or the patient at the time.
- And while were talking about it, you probably dont want oxygen inside your abdomen anyway: in keyhole surgery, surgeons have to inflate your abdomen to help them see what theyre doing, but they dont use oxygen, because theres methane fart gas in there too, and we dont want anyone catching fire on the inside.
- She examines patients abdomens on an examination couch as if she is a doctor, and confidently announces that she can feel which organs are inflamed.
- Skid mark stools probably dont want oxygen inside your abdomen anyway: in keyhole surgery, surgeons have to inflate your abdomen to help them see what theyre doing, but they dont use oxygen, because theres methane fart gas in there too, and we dont want anyone catching fire on the inside.
- She examines patients abdomens on an examination couch as if she is a doctor, and confidently announces that she can feel which organs are inflamed.
[‘æbdəmen] / 1) брюшная полость; живот pendulous abdomen — отвислый живот protuberant abdomen — выпуклый живот retracted abdomen — впалый живот, втянутый живот acute abdomen, burst abdomen — острый живот Syn: stomach 2) а) абдомен, брюшной отдел б) брюшко (насекомого, паука) In the perfect insect the abdomen does not carry either the wings or the legs. — У настоящих насекомых на брюшке не могут располагаться ни крылья, ни ножки.
rummaged
- I myself have cut deep into a mans abdomen and rummaged around his intestines in an operating theatre — heavily supervised, I hasten to add — while he was knocked out by anaesthetics, and the gaps in our knowledge regarding their mode of action didnt bother either me or the patient at the time.
- “The honor is mine.” The merchant rummaged about in the back of his stall and produced a small oaken cask.
- “One for you as well, but it came to Winterfell with mine.” He went to the table, rummaged among some maps and papers, and returned with a crumpled parchment.
[‘rʌmɪʤ] / 1. 1) хлам, дрянь; что-л. ненужное, бесполезное; мусор, сор - rummage sale Syn: lumber I 1., rubbish 2) а) тщательный осмотр; поиски б) таможенный досмотр судна 3) ; суета, суматоха; беспорядок Syn: bustle I 1., commotion , turmoil 2. 1) тщательно осматривать, искать; обыскивать By rummaging about among the pile of old clothes, I found the key. — Покопавшись в куче старой одежды, я нашёл ключ. I rummaged the house from top to bottom; but in vain. — Я обыскал дом сверху донизу, но безуспешно. Syn: ransack 2) производить таможенный досмотр судна 3) внимательно рассматривать; тщательно исследовать, изучать They have rummaged the oldest monuments. — Они внимательно осмотрели самые старые памятники. Syn: scrutinize , investigate 4) а) = rummage out / up находить; выявлять, обнаруживать (при поисках) б) выпытывать, выуживать (секрет) Syn: fish out
intestines
- I myself have cut deep into a mans abdomen and rummaged around his intestines in an operating theatre — heavily supervised, I hasten to add — while he was knocked out by anaesthetics, and the gaps in our knowledge regarding their mode of action didnt bother either me or the patient at the time.
[ɪn’testɪn] / ; обычно кишечник, кишки - small intestine - large intestine Syn: bowels
supervised
- I myself have cut deep into a mans abdomen and rummaged around his intestines in an operating theatre — heavily supervised, I hasten to add — while he was knocked out by anaesthetics, and the gaps in our knowledge regarding their mode of action didnt bother either me or the patient at the time.
контролируемый Syn: controlled
hasten
- I myself have cut deep into a mans abdomen and rummaged around his intestines in an operating theatre — heavily supervised, I hasten to add — while he was knocked out by anaesthetics, and the gaps in our knowledge regarding their mode of action didnt bother either me or the patient at the time.
- Cohollo, bring my vest.” The older man hastened off.
[‘heɪs(ə)n] / 1) спешить, торопиться, делать (что-л.) в спешке, второпях; поспешать (сделать что-л.) And suddenly the crowd hastened away. — И вдруг толпа устремилась прочь. He hastened to remark that the duke was right in his will to let them go. — Он поспешил заметить, что герцог был прав в своём желании отпустить их. Syn: hurry , be in a hurry , haste 2) а) торопить, поторапливать; подгонять He hastened her to the door. — Он быстро проводил её до двери. (желая поскорее от неё отделаться) Syn: hurry , precipitate , urge б) ускорять (какой-л. процесс) , способствовать скорому свершению или завершению (чего-л.) They try to hasten the coming of a new order. — Они пытаются ускорить выход нового приказа. She hastened the time of our meeting. — Она перенесла нашу встречу на более раннее время. He hastened his step. — Он ускорил шаг. Syn: quicken , accelerate , expedite
regarding
- I myself have cut deep into a mans abdomen and rummaged around his intestines in an operating theatre — heavily supervised, I hasten to add — while he was knocked out by anaesthetics, and the gaps in our knowledge regarding their mode of action didnt bother either me or the patient at the time.
- She complied — the alternative would have been prosecution — but her website announced that the sex pills had been withdrawn because of the new EU licensing laws regarding herbal products.
- It wasnt described in the publication, and it overstated the advantage of Vioxx regarding ulcers, while understating the increased risk of heart attacks.
- Jon Snow was standing a few feet away, regarding him curiously.
[rɪ’gɑːdɪŋ] / относительно; касательно regarding your proposal — что касается вашего предложения Syn: about 2., on 1., concerning
irrelevant
- Perhaps if they wiggled their ears with their fingers as per the Brain Gym textbook it would stimulate the reticular formation of the brain to tune out distracting, irrelevant sounds and tune into language.
- Furthermore, the neuroscience information is merely decorative, and irrelevant to the explanations logic.
- All three groups judged good explanations as more satisfying than bad ones, but the subjects in the two non-expert groups judged that the e xp la na t i o ns with the logically irrelevant neurosciencey information were more satisfying than the explanations without the spurious neuroscience.
- There is also the seductive details effect: if you present related (but logically irrelevant) details to people as part of an argument, this seems to make it more difficult for them to encode, and later recall, the main argument of a text, because their attention is diverted.
- By saying that the absent molecules are irrelevant, because water has a memory.
- My aim here is by no means to suggest that antioxidants are entirely irrelevant to health.
- These stories are invariably written up by science correspondents, and hotly followed — to universal approbation — by comment pieces from humanities graduates on how bonkers and irrelevant scientists are, because from the bunker-like mentality of my parody hypothesis, that is the appeal of these stories: they play on the publics view of science as irrelevant, peripheral boffinry.
- This reinforces one of the key humanities graduates parodies of science: as well as being irrelevant boffinry, science is temporary, changeable, constantly revising itself, like a transient fad.
- This is something humans are very good at — filtering irrelevant information — but that skill comes at a cost of ascribing disproportionate bias to some contextual data.
- That, as you now understand, was entirely wrongheaded: the rarity of double SIDS is irrelevant, because double murder is rare too.
[ɪ’reləv(ə)nt] / неуместный, неподходящий; не относящийся к делу It’s irrelevant to cite such outdated evidence. — Неуместно приводить такие устаревшие свидетельства. Syn: extraneous
feasible
- This sounds feasible if you think of a bath, or a test tube full of water.
[‘fiːzəbl] / 1) реальный, выполнимый, осуществимый (о замысле, плане и т. п.) Syn: workable , executable , accomplishable , possible 1., practicable 2) подходящий, годный 3) вероятный, возможный, правдоподобный (о предложении, проекте, истории, теории и т. п.) the only feasible theory — единственно возможное предположение Syn: likely 1., probable 1.
dent
- But if you think, at the most basic level, about the scale of these objects, a tiny water molecule isnt going to be deformed by an enormous arnica molecule, and be left with a suggestive dent, which is how many homeopaths seem to picture the process.
- Sham ultrasound is beneficial for dental pain, placebo operations have been shown to be beneficial in knee pain (the surgeon just makes fake keyhole surgery holes in the side and mucks about for a bit as if hes doing something useful), and placebo operations have even been shown to improve angina.
- Gryll and Katahn [1978] gave patients a sugar pill before a dental injection, but the doctors who were handing out the pill gave it in one of two different ways: either with an outrageous oversell (This is a recently developed pill thats been shown to be very effective … effective almost immediately …); or downplayed, with an undersell (This is a recently developed pill … personally Ive not found it to be very effective …).
- If youd like to borrow my second edition copy of Epstein and de Bonos Clinical Examination (I dont think there were many people in my year at medical school who didnt buy a copy), youll discover that to examine for lymphoedema, you press firmly for around thirty seconds, to gently compress the exuded fluid out of the tissues, then take your fingers away, and look to see if they have left a dent behind.
- If youd like to borrow my second edition copy of Epstein and de Bonos Clinical Examination (I dont think there were many people in my year at medical school who didnt buy a copy), youll discover that to examine for lymphoedema, you press firmly for around thirty seconds, to gently compress the exuded fluid out of the tissues, then take your fingers away, and look to see if they have left a dent behind.
- You might remember the scare stories about mercury fillings from the past two decades: they come around every few years, usually accompanied by a personal anecdote in which fatigue, dizziness and headaches are all vanquished following the removal of the fillings by one visionary dentist.
- Traditionally these stories conclude with a suggestion that the dental establishment may well be covering up the truth about mercury, and a demand for more research into its safety.
- Grenns downcut was answered by an overhand that dented his helm.
- Both lances exploded, and by the time the splinters had settled, a riderless blood bay was trotting off in search of grass while Ser Jaime Lannister rolled in the dirt, golden and dented.
- Jaime Lannister was back on his feet, but his ornate lion helmet had been twisted around and dented in his fall, and now he could not get it off.
[dent] / I 1. 1) вмятина, вогнутое или вдавленное место dent on the door of a car — вмятина на двери автомобиля to make a dent — оставить вмятину to hammer / straighten out a dent — выправить вмятину 2) негативное воздействие to put a dent in smb.’s hopes — разрушить чьи-л. надежды to make a dent in smb.’s dignity — уязвить чью-л. гордость The fees of two lawyers will make a nasty dent in the family finances. — Оплата услуг двух адвокатов пробьёт огромную брешь в бюджете семьи. 2. 1) оставлять вмятину или выбоину, вдавливать; вминать to dent the hood — оставлять вмятину на капоте 2) негативно влиять, подрывать to dent smb.’s profits — сократить чью-л. прибыль to dent smb.’s reputation — подорвать чью-л. репутацию Criticism dented his ego. — Критика задела его самолюбие. II 1. ; насечка, зарубка; зуб, зубец; нарезка Syn: incision , notch 2. нарезать, насекать, зазубривать
lump
- A pea-sized lump of putty cannot take an impression of the surface of your sofa.
- Parsley, similarly, is a rich source of vitamin C, but youre not going to eat an orange-sized lump of the stuff.
- We are wrong about what they should look like: we expect too much alternation, so truly random sequences seem somehow too lumpy and ordered.
- Similarly, you can look at that random sequence above as hard as you like: it will still look lumpy and ordered, in defiance of what you now know.
[lʌmp] / 1. 1) а) глыба, ком; крупный кусок lump in the throat — комок в горле lump of wood — кусок дерева They used to buy ten kilos of beef in one lump. — Они обычно покупали десять кило говядины одним куском. б) большое количество to take in / by the lump — брать оптом в) целое, масса, совокупность taken in the lump — взятый в совокупности Syn: aggregate , totality 2) опухоль, шишка; бугор, выступ I’ve got a lump on my shoulder. — У меня на плече появилась шишка. Howard had to have cancer surgery for a lump in his chest. — Говарду пришлось перенести операцию по удалению злокачественной опухоли в груди. Syn: protuberance , swelling 1. 3) (lumps) неприятности, шишки He had taken a lot of lumps growing up in the city. — Он набил много синяков и шишек, пока рос в городе. 4) болван, дубина 5) ‘‘наём гуртом’’ (наём рабочих на сдельную работу с аккордной оплатой) 6) ; пакет с едой, предназначенный для бродяг •• - lump of clay 2. 1) кусковой lump gold — золото в самородках lump sugar — колотый, пилёный сахар; кусковой сахар 2) целый, единый, взятый в целом - lump sum Syn: entire 1. 3. 1) а) образовывать комки, глыбы б) покрывать комками 2) = lump together а) смешивать, валить всё в одну кучу, в одну массу; рассматривать в целом (не вдаваясь в подробности) to lump species — классифицировать виды без учёта мелких различий б) брать оптом 3) а) тяжело двигаться, тяжело ступать б) (lump down) грузно садиться He lumped down again and stared before him stupidly. — Он снова тяжело сел и тупо уставился перед собой. 4) таскать или передвигать тяжести; работать грузчиком I earned sixteen shillings a week by lumping in the docks. — Я зарабатывал шестнадцать шиллингов в неделю, работая портовым грузчиком.
putty
- A pea-sized lump of putty cannot take an impression of the surface of your sofa.
[‘pʌtɪ] / 1. 1) = glazier’s putty (оконная) замазка, шпаклёвка 2) = jeweller’s putty порошок, мастика или смесь для шлифовки, полировки 3) желтовато-серый цвет •• putty medal — картонная медаль, деревянная медаль (награда сомнительной ценности) up to putty — ; ненужный, бесполезный, никудышный to be (like) putty in (someone’s) hands — быть податливым, уступчивым 2. замазывать замазкой; шпаклевать to putty joints — шпаклевать швы 3. желтовато-серый
restrictive
- This is a very restrictive shelf life.
[rɪ’strɪktɪv] 1) а) ограничивающий, ограничительный restrictive measures — ограничительные меры Syn: limiting б) ограниченный Syn: limited 2) сдерживающий (рост и т. п.) ; препятствующий (чему-л.) 3) запрещающий (о сигнале) ; запретительный
shelf
- This is a very restrictive shelf life.
- His head was too large for his body, with a brutes squashed-in face beneath a swollen shelf of brow.
- She touched one, the largest of the three, running her hand lightly over the shelf.
[ʃelf] / ; shelves 1) а) полка to build / put up a shelf — вешать полку to stock shelves with supplies — забивать полки продовольствием adjustable shelves — переносные, укрепляемые полки built-in shelves — встроенные полки б) (shelves) стеллаж 2) а) уступ; выступ б) риф; отмель, шельф shelf ice — шельфовый лёд continental shelf — континентальный шельф, материковый шельф 3) бедрок 4) привальный брус •• - lay on the shelf - be on the shelf
flaws
- They have fascinating flaws which can be read about elsewhere (frequently the homeopathic substance — which is found on hugely sensitive lab tests to be subtly different from a non-homeopathic dilution — has been prepared in a completely different way, from different stock ingredients, which is then detected by exquisitely sensitive lab equipment).
- This statements power, and its flaws, lie in its simplicity.
- This is just one of the many cognitive illusions described in this book, the basic flaws in our reasoning apparatus which lead us to see patterns and connections in the world around us, when closer inspection reveals that in fact there are none.
- There are some trials which find homeopathy to perform better than placebo, but only some, and they are, in general, trials with methodological flaws.
- The alternative therapy literature is certainly riddled with incompetence, but flaws in trials are actually very common throughout medicine.
- In fact, it would be fair to say that all research has some flaws, simply because every trial will involve a compromise between what would be ideal, and what is practical or cheap.
- (The literature from complementary and alternative medicine — CAM — often fails badly at the stage of interpretation: medics sometimes know if theyre quoting duff papers, and describe the flaws, whereas homeopaths tend to be uncritical of anything positive.)
- This is a recurring theme in this book, and its important, because when people make claims based upon their research, we need to be able to decide for ourselves how big the methodological flaws were, and come to our own judgement about whether the results are reliable, whether theirs was a fair test.
- All deserve to be ignored, for the simple reason that each was not a fair test of homeopathy, simply on account of these methodological flaws.
- The only people to blame for the flaws in these studies are the people who performed them.
[flɔː] 1. 1) трещина, щель, порок (в металле, фарфоре и т. п.) , брак (в приобретённом изделии) 2) изъян, недостаток (характера) , порок fatal flaw — роковая ошибка Syn: blemish , defect , failing , fault , foible , imperfection , shortcoming , stain , loss Ant: merit , perfection 3) упущение, ошибка (в документе, в показаниях) 2. 1) повредить, испортить Syn: mar 2) вызывать трещину; трескаться; раскалывать Syn: crack 3) делать недействительным, лишать законной силы II [flɔː] 1) порыв ветра; шквал; вспышка ненастья 2) прилив, вспышка (о чувствах)
debunker
- As a ready shorthand, its also worth noting that the American magician and debunker James Randi has offered a $1 million prize to anyone demonstrating anomalous claims under laboratory conditions, and has specifically stated that anyone could win it by reliably distinguishing a homeopathic preparation from a nonhomeopathic one using any method they wish.
- * ≡ The magician and pseudoscience debunker James Randi used to wake up every morning and write on a card in his pocket: I, James Randi, will die today, followed by the date and his signature.
[ˌdiː’bʌŋk] ; разоблачать, развенчивать
distinguishing
- As a ready shorthand, its also worth noting that the American magician and debunker James Randi has offered a $1 million prize to anyone demonstrating anomalous claims under laboratory conditions, and has specifically stated that anyone could win it by reliably distinguishing a homeopathic preparation from a nonhomeopathic one using any method they wish.
- Our intuitions about the most basic observation of all — distinguishing a pattern from mere random background noise — are deeply flawed.
[dɪ’stɪŋgwɪʃɪŋ] дифференциальный, отличительный, характерный
sloshing
- Water has been sloshing around the globe for a very long time, after all, and the water in my very body as I sit here typing away in London has already been through plenty of other peoples bodies before mine.
расплескивание; разбрызгивание - charge sloshing
globe
- Water has been sloshing around the globe for a very long time, after all, and the water in my very body as I sit here typing away in London has already been through plenty of other peoples bodies before mine.
- Beside the door swung an ornate oil lamp on a heavy chain, with a globe of leaded red glass.
[‘gləub] / 1. 1) шар, сферический предмет, сфера - globe of the eye - ocular globe - celestial globe 2) а) (the globe) Земля to circle / girdle the globe — облетать земной шар, объехать вокруг земного шара Syn: earth б) планета Syn: planet 3) сферическая емкость, округлый контейнер (аквариум, абажур и пр.) 4) держава (эмблема власти монарха) Syn: orb 2. 1) иметь форму шара 2) принимать форму шара
leveller
- Maybe some of the water molecules fleshing out my neurons as I decide whether to write wee or urine in this sentence are now in the Queens bladder (God bless her): water is a great leveller, it gets about.
[‘lev(ə)lə] 1) а) (Leveller) ‘‘уравнитель’’, левеллер б) сторонник социального равенства 2) нивелировщик, уравниватель Time, disease, poverty are great levellers. — Время, болезни, бедность - великие нивелировщики. 3) выправляющее, правильное приспособление 4) нивелировщик (в геодезии)
faeces
- How does it know to treat my bruise with its memory of arnica, rather than a memory of Isaac Asimovs faeces?
- Skid mark stools (she is obsessed with faeces and colonic irrigation) are a sign of dampness inside the body — a very common condition in Britain.
[‘fiːsiːz] ; ; 1) отстой, осадок Syn: sediment , dreg , lees , refuse II 1. 2) фекалии, экскременты, испражнения; кал Syn: excrement
briskly
- You have to bang the flask of water briskly ten times on a leather and horsehair surface, and thats what makes the water remember a molecule.
- He gave Sandor Clegane a perfunctory nod and walked away as briskly as his stunted legs would carry him, whistling.
- Tommen, Myrcella, come.” She strode briskly from the morning room, her train and her pups trailing behind her.
- She watched Ser Rodrik set off, striding briskly through the busy streets until he was lost in the crowds, then decided to take his advice.
- He set off across the yard for his own chambers in the Kings Tower, walking as briskly as his legs could manage.
- He climbed the tower steps briskly.
- “Let us not keep them waiting any longer, ser.” Ser Brynden Tully put the spurs to his horse and trotted briskly toward the banners.
- Come.” He strode briskly down the vault, past the procession of stone pillars and the endless carved figures.
- He listened to the sound of hooves growing steadily louder as they trotted briskly down the kingsroad.
живо, оживленно - go off briskly
apparently
- Nobody knows, but you need to take the pills regularly, apparently, in a dosing regime which is suspiciously similar to that for medical drugs (which are given at intervals spaced according to how fast they are broken down and excreted by your body).
- Again, they cannot say No (or at least not with any meaning — they might say it in a tantrum), because they have no possible way of knowing whether they were going to get better anyway, on the occasions when they apparently got better after seeing a homeopath.
- In January 2006 this study was reported in the Independent, bafflingly, as: Miracle Cures Shown to Work Doctors have found statistical evidence that alternative treatments such as special diets, herbal potions and faith healing can cure apparently terminal illness, but they remain unsure about the reasons.
- They can confuse an apparently causal relationship, and you have to think of ways to exclude or minimise confounding variables to get to the right answer, or at least be very wary that they are there.
- He reviewed a number of studies which apparently showed a positive relationship between having a lot of ß-carotene onboard (this is an antioxidant available in the diet) and a reduced risk of cancer.
- Dr Spock had little to go on, but we now know that this advice is wrong, and the apparently trivial suggestion contained in his book, which was so widely read and followed, has led to thousands, and perhaps even tens of thousands, of avoidable cot deaths.
- Because despite the way she seems to respond to criticism or questioning of her ideas, her illegal penis pills, the unusually complicated story of her qualifications, despite her theatrical abusiveness, and the public humiliation pantomime of her shows, in which the emotionally vulnerable and obese cry on television, despite her apparently misunderstanding some of the most basic aspects of GCSE biology, despite doling out scientific advice in a white coat, despite the dubious quality of the work she presents as somehow being of academic standard, despite the unpleasantness of the food she endorses, there are still many who will claim: You can say what you like about McKeith, but she has improved the nations diet.
- We then have a twenty-five-year-old report from the Bateman Catering Organisation (who?), apparently with the wrong date; a paper on vitamin B12; some experiment without a control reported in a 1987 ION pamphlet so obscure its not even in the British Library (which has everything).
- We then have a twenty-five-year-old report from the Bateman Catering Organisation (who?), apparently with the wrong date; a paper on vitamin B12; some experiment without a control reported in a 1987 ION pamphlet so obscure its not even in the British Library (which has everything).
- We then have a twenty-five-year-old report from the Bateman Catering Organisation (who?), apparently with the wrong date; a paper on vitamin B12; some experiment without a control reported in a 1987 ION pamphlet so obscure its not even in the British Library (which has everything).
[ə’pær(ə)ntlɪ] / 1) очевидно, несомненно Syn: evidently 2) вероятно, видимо, предположительно, по всей видимости Syn: seemingly , to all appearance
conceivable
- Symptoms are a very subjective thing, so almost every conceivable way of establishing the benefits of any treatment must start with the individual and his or her experience, building from there.
- I dont generally talk or write about being a doctor — its mawkish and tedious, and Ive no desire to preach from authority — but working in the NHS you meet patients from every conceivable walk of life, in huge numbers, discussing some of the most important issues in their lives.
[kən’siːvəbl] / мыслимый, постижимый; вероятный, возможный, потенциальный Syn: thinkable , possible
beforehand
- Because the placebo effect is far more complex and interesting than most people suspect, going way beyond a mere sugar pill: its about the whole cultural experience of a treatment, your expectations beforehand, the consultation process you go through while receiving the treatment, and much more.
- Mbekis presidential advisory panel beforehand was packed with AIDS dissidents, including Peter Duesberg and David Rasnick.
- And did Clarion Communications really get eight hundred respondents to an internal email survey for their research, where they knew the result they wanted beforehand, and where Jessica Alba came seventh, but was mysteriously promoted to first after the analysis?
- Its only weird and startling when something very, very specific and unlikely happens if you have specifically predicted it beforehand.
[bɪ’fɔːhænd] / 1. ; преждевременный to be beforehand with smb. — опередить кого-л. You are rather beforehand in your conclusions. — Вы делаете слишком поспешные выводы. 2. заранее, вперёд; заблаговременно Syn: in advance , in good time
sneaky
- It is highly potent, and very sneaky, and you wont know the half of it until you read the placebo chapter in this book.
- If you do have to compare your drug with one produced by a competitor — to save face, or because a regulator demands it — you could try a sneaky underhand trick: use an inadequate dose of the competing drug, so that patients on it dont do very well; or give a very high dose of the competing drug, so that patients experience lots of side-effects; or give the competing drug in the wrong way (perhaps orally when it should be intravenous, and hope most readers dont notice); or you could increase the dose of the competing drug much too quickly, so that the patients taking it get worse side-effects.
- Of course, another trick you could pull with sideeffects is simply not to ask about them; or rather — since you have to be sneaky in this field — you could be careful about how you ask.
[‘sniːkɪ] 1. 1) низкий, подлый; трусливый; презренный, ничтожный (о человеке) Syn: mean I, paltry , sneaking , stealthy 2) раболепный, угодливый 3) хитрый, коварный, действующий исподтишка Syn: furtive , surreptitious •• sneaky pete, Sneaky Pete ; — дешёвый спиртной напиток или самогон 2. скрытый микрофон, подслушивающее устройство
restate
- The explanations either contained neuroscience or didnt, and were either good explanations or bad ones (bad ones being, for example, simply circular restatements of the phenomenon itself, or empty words).
- The most they can do is restate, in response to your query, their original statement: All I know is, I feel as if it works.
- They can only restate, again, their original statement: All I know is, I feel as if it works.
[ˌriː’steɪt] а) вновь заявлять, утверждать б) заново формулировать; формулировать по-другому
query
- The most they can do is restate, in response to your query, their original statement: All I know is, I feel as if it works.
[‘kwɪərɪ] / 1. ; 1) вопрос to raise a query about smth. — задать вопрос о чём-л. to answer a query — отвечать на вопрос We have a number of queries regarding delivery. — У нас есть несколько вопросов по доставке. Syn: question 1., inquiry 2) запрос 3) сомнение There was a query as to who actually owned the hotel. — Возникло сомнение относительно того, кто же на самом деле был хозяином отеля. 4) вопросительный знак (на полях текста) Put a query against Jack’s name — I’m not sure if he’s coming. — Поставь вопросительный знак напротив имени Джека - я не уверен, что он придёт. 2. 1) а) спрашивать; осведомляться; выяснять, уточнять to query smb. about smb./ smth. — расспрашивать кого-л. о ком-л. / чём-л. б) консультироваться I must query your suggestion with the director, it doesn’t seem completely suitable. — Я должен проконсультироваться насчёт вашего предложения с директором - мне кажется, что оно не вполне приемлемо. 2) запрашивать (информацию) 3) выражать сомнение, подвергать сомнению 4) ставить вопросительный знак; помечать вопросительным знаком
whereby
- Regression to the mean is basically another phrase for the phenomenon whereby, as alternative therapists like to say, all things have a natural cycle.
- We should also remember that bizarre English ritual whereby GCSE results get better every year, yet anyone who suggests that the exams are getting easier is criticised for undermining the achievement of the successful candidates.
- In fact PR companies are very open to their customers about this practice: it is referred to as advertising equivalent exposure, whereby a news story is put out which can be attached to a clients name.
- The equation for the beergoggle effect, whereby ladies become more attractive after some ale, was produced by Dr Nathan Efron, Professor of Clinical Optometry at the University of Manchester, and sponsored by the optical products manufacturer Bausch & Lomb; the formula for the perfect penalty kick, by Dr David Lewis of Liverpool John Moores, was sponsored by Ladbrokes; the formula for the perfect way to pull a Christmas cracker, by Dr Paul Stevenson of the University of Surrey, was commissioned by Tesco; the formula for the perfect beach, by Dr Dimitrios Buhalis of the University of Surrey, sponsored by travel firm Opodo.
- It is also the reason why publication in full — and review by anyone in the world who wants to read your paper — is more important than peer review, the process whereby academic journal articles are given the onceover by a few academics working in the field, checking for gross errors and the like.
- Regression to the mean We have already looked at regression to the mean in our section on homeopathy: it is the phenomenon whereby, when things are at their extremes, they are likely to settle back down to the middle, or regress to the mean.
[(h)weə’baɪ] / 1) посредством чего, при помощи чего; в соответствии с чем The system whereby the Britons choose their family doctors and the government pays those doctors, is reasonably successful. — Система, в соответствии с которой британцы выбирают себе семейного врача, а правительство оплачивает его услуги, действует достаточно успешно. 2) а) как?, каким образом?; посредством чего? Syn: by what means? , how 1. б) почему?, по какой причине? Syn: for what reason? , why 1.
dangle
- You might sacrifice a goat and dangle its entrails around your neck.
- He had been promised 0.5 per cent of the products profits should it come to market (Horrobin was not responsible, but this is a fairly unusual payment arrangement which would rather dangle temptation in front of your eyes).
- Bran dangled, one-handed, panting.
- Tyrion Lannister dangled between them, kicking feebly, his face red with shame.
- A strand of hair dangled in her eyes, limp with sweat.
- “My sun-and-stars is wounded.” The arakh cut was wide but shallow; his left nipple was gone, and a flap of bloody flesh and skin dangled from his chest like a wet rag.
- Ser Jorah brought his longsword down with all the strength left him, through flesh and muscle and bone, and Qothos forearm dangled loose, flopping on a thin cord of skin and sinew.
[‘dæŋgl] / 1) болтать (ногами) The children dangled their legs over the side of the swimming pool. — Дети сидели на краю бассейна, болтая ногами. I dangled my feet in the clear blue water. — Я болтал ногами в прозрачной голубой воде. 2) болтаться, свободно свисать, качаться A light bulb dangled from the ceiling. — С потолка свисала электрическая лампочка. The glasses were dangling around her neck on a jewelled chain. — Очки висели у неё на шее на цепочке, украшенной драгоценными камнями. 3) манить, соблазнять, дразнить Other companies dangled huge pay offers before / in front of him. — Другие компании соблазняли его бешеными деньгами. 4) ходить по пятам, увиваться за кем-л. He kept the poor man dangling after him, and at length told him that he was offered a larger sum by another. (Carleton) — Он долго морочил бедняге голову, но в итоге сказал, что ему предложили более высокую цену.
bully
- You might bully your GP into giving you antibiotics.
- They bully, they smear, to the absolute top of the profession, and they do anything they can in a desperate bid to shut you up, and avoid having a discussion about the evidence.
- Youre a bastard and a bully.”
- “A bully?” Jon almost choked on the word.
[‘bulɪ] / 1. 1) задира, забияка Syn: tease , troublemaker 2) хулиган, драчун A gang of bullies was secretly sent to slit the nose of the offender. — Тайком была отправлена шайка хулиганов, чтобы они расквасили нос обидчику. 3) сутенёр Syn: souteneur , ponce •• A bully is always a coward. — Задира всегда трус. 2. 1) грозить, запугивать, стращать Syn: intimidate 2) (bully into) угрозами или силой заставить (что-л. сделать) Those boys will have to be bullied into action. — Этим парням надо как следует пригрозить, чтобы они начали что-то делать. The boys bullied the small girl into giving them all her money. — Парни так запугали девочку, что она отдала им все деньги. Syn: intimidate , cow • - bully off II [‘bulɪ] / ; ; первоклассный, великолепный, высокопробный The cook will give you a bully dinner. — Повар приготовит для вас замечательный обед. •• bully for you! — молодец!, браво! III [‘bulɪ] / ; = bully beef мясные консервы
exasperation
- * ≡ General practitioners sometimes prescribe antibiotics to demanding patients in exasperation, even though they are ineffective in treating a viral cold, but much research suggests that this is counterproductive, even as a time-saver.
- “The old courtesies die hard, my—my daughter.” He tried to tug on his missing whiskers, and sighed with exasperation.
[ɪgˌzæsp(ə)reɪʃ(ə)n], [eg-], [-‘zɑːsp(ə)-] 1) а) усиление, обострение (боли, болезни и т. п.) б) пароксизм • Syn: exacerbation 2) а) озлобление, раздражение; гнев б) причина гнева, недовольства • Syn: irritation , anger 1.
viral
- * ≡ General practitioners sometimes prescribe antibiotics to demanding patients in exasperation, even though they are ineffective in treating a viral cold, but much research suggests that this is counterproductive, even as a time-saver.
- Believing in things which have no evidence carries its own corrosive intellectual side-effects, just as prescribing a pill in itself carries risks: it medicalises problems, as we will see, it can reinforce destructive beliefs about illness, and it can promote the idea that a pill is an appropriate response to a social problem, or, a modest viral illness.
- There was also a statistically significant benefit in CD4 cell count (a measure of HIV activity) and viral loads.
- Ive no desire to scare anyone — and as I said, your beliefs and decisions about vaccines are your business; Im only interested in how you came to be so incredibly misled — but before the introduction of MMR, mumps was the commonest cause of viral meningitis, and one of the leading causes of hearing loss in children.
[‘vaɪər(ə)l] вирусный viral pneumonia — вирусная пневмония
