4- HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS, THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE, and SHOCK

Question 0

The movement of water and low molecular weight solutes between the intravascular and interstitial spaces is controlled primarily by the opposing effect of these two pressures.

Question 1

An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid within tissue is called ____________.

Answer 1

Edema

Question 2

__________ is a severe and generalized edema with widespread subcutaneous tissue swelling.

Answer 2

Anasarca

Question 3

Edema caused by increased hydrostatic pressure or reduced plasma protein is typically a protein-poor fluid called a ___________.

Answer 3

Transudate

Question 4

Edema is most commonly seen in the following EXCEPT:

A. Brain
B. Lungs
C. Subcutaneous tissues
D. Heart

Answer 4

D. Heart

Question 5

_____________ is an active process in which arteriolar dilation leads to increase blood flow.

Answer 5

Hyperemia

Question 6

____________ is a passive process resulting from reduced outflow of blood from a tissue.

Answer 6

Congestion

Question 7

Slightly larger (>= 3mm) hemorrhages.

A. Hematomas
B. Ecchymoses
C. Purpura
D. Petechiae

Answer 7

C. Purpura

Question 8

Larger (> 1 to 2 cm) subcutaneous hematomas.

A. Hematomas
B. Ecchymoses
C. Purpura
D. Petechiae

Answer 8

B. Ecchymoses

Question 9

The pathologic counterpart of hemostasis is _________.

Answer 9

Thrombosis

Question 10

The following are the three components of hemostasis and thrombosis EXCEPT:

A. Coagulation cascade
B. Platelets
C. Vascular wall
D. Thrombus

Answer 10

D. Thrombus

Question 11

Platelets aggregating to form a hemostatic plug is referred to as ____________.

Answer 11

Primary hemostasis

Question 12

Tissue factor acts in conjunction with _________ as the major in vivo initiator of the coagulation cascade, eventually culminating in thrombin generation.

A. Factor V
B. Factor IX
C. Factor VII
D. Factor XII

Answer 12

C. Factor VII

Question 13

________ cleaves circulating fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, creating a fibrin meshwork, and also induces additional platelet recruitment and activation.

Answer 13

Thrombin

Question 14

This consolidates the initial platelet plug.

Answer 14

Secondary hemostasis

Question 15

Limits the hemostatic plug to the site of the injury.

Answer 15

Tissue plasminogen activator, t-PA

Question 16

TRUE or FALSE: Non-activated platelets adhere to endothelial cells.

Answer 16

FALSE

Question 17

The following substances impede platelet adhesion EXCEPT:

A. Prostacyclin (PGI2)
B. Nitric oxide
C. Substance P
D. None of the above.

Answer 17

C. Substance P

Question 18

______________ binds to to thrombin and converts it from a procoagulant to an anticoagulant via its ability to activate protein C.

Answer 18

Thrombomodulin

Question 19

Activation of protein C inhibits clotting by inactivating which of the following factors:

A. X and Xa
B. VII and VIIa
C. Va and VIIIa
D. VIIa and Xa

Answer 19

C. Va and VIIIa

Question 20

Cell surface protein that directly inhibits tissue factor-factor VIIa and factor Xa activities.

Answer 20

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)

Question 21

A protease that cleaves plasminogen to form plasmin; plasmin, in turn, cleaves fibrin to degrade thrombi.

Answer 21

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA)