1- CELLULAR RESPONSES TO STRESS AND TOXIC INSULTS: Adaptation, Injury, and Death Flashcards
A branch of pathology that is concerned with the alterations in specialized organs and tissues that are responsible for disorders that involve these organs.
Systemic Pathology
This refers to the increase in the size of the cells and its functional activity.
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Hypertrophy
D. Hypertrophy
The aspect of a disease process that is the ‘main cause’ of that disease.
A. Pathogenesis
B. Functional derangements
C. Etiology
D. Molecular and Morphological Changes
C. Etiology
He is known as the father of modern pathology.
Rudolf Virchow
The process in which there is a decrease in size and metabolic activity.
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
A process by which cells change its phenotype.
Metaplasia
TRUE or FALSE: In the process of hypertrophy, there are new and larger cells.
FALSE.
Cells become larger but there are no new cells.
The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle is _________.
Increased workload
The main biochemical pathway that mediates the physiologic muscle hypertrophy is _________.
A. Glycolysis
B. ETC
C. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway
D. Signaling down stream of G-protein coupled receptors
C. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway
TRUE or FALSE: The signaling down stream of G-protein couple receptor is the main biochemical pathway for pathologic hypertrophy.
TRUE
In muscle hypertrophy the alpha myosin heavy chain is converted to its ___________.
Beta isoform
Barbiturates show hypertrophy of this specific cell organelle in hepatocytes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
In the mechanism of muscle atrophy, the degradation of cellular proteins occurs mainly by this pathway.
Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway (responsible for accelerated proteolysis)
The process in which starved cells eat its own components in attempt to find nutrients and survive.
Autophagy
The most common epithelial metaplasia is:
A. Squamous to cuboidal
B. Columnar to squamous
C. Squamous to columnar
D. Cuboidal to columnar
B. Columnar to squamous
Barrett Esophagus manifests this type of metaplasia.
A. Squamous to cuboidal
B. Columnar to squamous
C. Squamous to columnar
D. Cuboidal to columnar
C. Squamous to columnar
Two features of reversible cell injury that can be recognized under the light microscope.
Cellular swelling and fatty change
______________ is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells.
Cellular swelling
The following statements regarding necrosis are correct EXCEPT:
A. Cells are unable to maintain membrane integrity.
B. The process may present with inflammation.
C. The cells usually enlarge or swell.
D. Necrosis is often physiologic to maintain homeostasis.
D. Necrosis is often physiologic to maintain homeostasis.
Necrotic cells show increased __________ in H&E staining.
A. Basophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Eosinophils
D. Monocytes
C. Eosinophils
The glassy homogenous appearance of a necrotic cell is mainly due to the loss of _________ particles.
Glycogen
The basophilia of the chromatin may fade, a change that presumably reflects loss of DNA because of enzymatic degradation by endonucleases.
Karyolysis
This process is characterized by nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia.
Pyknosis
TRUE or FALSE: Pyknosis is also observed in apoptotic cell death.
TRUE
