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PATHOLOGY > 1- CELLULAR RESPONSES TO STRESS AND TOXIC INSULTS: Adaptation, Injury, and Death > Flashcards

1- CELLULAR RESPONSES TO STRESS AND TOXIC INSULTS: Adaptation, Injury, and Death Flashcards

0
Q

A branch of pathology that is concerned with the alterations in specialized organs and tissues that are responsible for disorders that involve these organs.

A

Systemic Pathology

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1
Q

This refers to the increase in the size of the cells and its functional activity.

A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Hypertrophy

A

D. Hypertrophy

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2
Q

The aspect of a disease process that is the ‘main cause’ of that disease.

A. Pathogenesis
B. Functional derangements
C. Etiology
D. Molecular and Morphological Changes

A

C. Etiology

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3
Q

He is known as the father of modern pathology.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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4
Q

The process in which there is a decrease in size and metabolic activity.

A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia

A

C. Atrophy

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5
Q

A process by which cells change its phenotype.

A

Metaplasia

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6
Q

TRUE or FALSE: In the process of hypertrophy, there are new and larger cells.

A

FALSE.

Cells become larger but there are no new cells.

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7
Q

The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle is _________.

A

Increased workload

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8
Q

The main biochemical pathway that mediates the physiologic muscle hypertrophy is _________.

A. Glycolysis
B. ETC
C. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway
D. Signaling down stream of G-protein coupled receptors

A

C. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway

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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The signaling down stream of G-protein couple receptor is the main biochemical pathway for pathologic hypertrophy.

A

TRUE

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10
Q

In muscle hypertrophy the alpha myosin heavy chain is converted to its ___________.

A

Beta isoform

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11
Q

Barbiturates show hypertrophy of this specific cell organelle in hepatocytes.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

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12
Q

In the mechanism of muscle atrophy, the degradation of cellular proteins occurs mainly by this pathway.

A

Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway (responsible for accelerated proteolysis)

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13
Q

The process in which starved cells eat its own components in attempt to find nutrients and survive.

A

Autophagy

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14
Q

The most common epithelial metaplasia is:

A. Squamous to cuboidal
B. Columnar to squamous
C. Squamous to columnar
D. Cuboidal to columnar

A

B. Columnar to squamous

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15
Q

Barrett Esophagus manifests this type of metaplasia.

A. Squamous to cuboidal
B. Columnar to squamous
C. Squamous to columnar
D. Cuboidal to columnar

A

C. Squamous to columnar

16
Q

Two features of reversible cell injury that can be recognized under the light microscope.

A

Cellular swelling and fatty change

17
Q

______________ is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells.

A

Cellular swelling

18
Q

The following statements regarding necrosis are correct EXCEPT:

A. Cells are unable to maintain membrane integrity.
B. The process may present with inflammation.
C. The cells usually enlarge or swell.
D. Necrosis is often physiologic to maintain homeostasis.

A

D. Necrosis is often physiologic to maintain homeostasis.

19
Q

Necrotic cells show increased __________ in H&E staining.

A. Basophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Eosinophils
D. Monocytes

A

C. Eosinophils

20
Q

The glassy homogenous appearance of a necrotic cell is mainly due to the loss of _________ particles.

A

Glycogen

21
Q

The basophilia of the chromatin may fade, a change that presumably reflects loss of DNA because of enzymatic degradation by endonucleases.

A

Karyolysis

22
Q

This process is characterized by nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia.

A

Pyknosis

23
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Pyknosis is also observed in apoptotic cell death.

A

TRUE

24
Q

The process in which pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation.

A

Karyorrhexis

25
Q

A localized area of coagulative necrosis is called an ___________.

A

Infarct

26
Q

Type of necrosis that is characterized by digestion of dead cells, resulting in the transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass.

A

Liquefactive necrosis

27
Q

Type of necrosis that is often encountered in foci of tuberculous infection.

A

Caseous (‘cheeselike’) Necrosis

28
Q

A special form of necrosis usually seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels.

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

29
Q

Most common type of cell injury.

A

Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury

30
Q

This term refers reduced oxygen availability.

A

Hypoxia

31
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Hypoxia is a more rapid and severe cell and tissue injury than does ischemia.

A

FALSE

32
Q

________ arrests the cell cycle at G1 phase and triggers apoptosis if the damage is great.

A

Gene p53

33
Q

Most common type of cell injury.

A

Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury

34
Q

This term refers reduced oxygen availability.

A

Hypoxia

35
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Hypoxia is a more rapid and severe cell and tissue injury than does ischemia.

A

FALSE

36
Q

________ arrests the cell cycle at G1 phase and triggers apoptosis if the damage is great.

A

Gene p53

PATHOLOGY (4 decks)

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