4. Experimental Studies and Underlying Emotional Mechanisms

Question 1

With sleep loss, it takes increased effort to perform the same c____, e____, s____ or p____ tasks

Answer 1

Cognitive, emotional, social, physical

Question 2

Sleepiness/tiredness is most problematic during periods of…

Answer 2

Low stimulation

Question 3

During sleepiness/tiredness you are susceptible to what two things?

Answer 3

1. Micro-sleeps
2. Brief lapses in attention

Question 4

What are four ways sleep loss impacts attention and cognition?
1. Lapses in a____
2. Impaired p____
3. D____ and i____
4. May lead to r____ behaviour, accidents/mistakes and influence i____ relationships

Answer 4

1. Lapses in attention
2. Impaired performance
3. Distractible, impulsive
4. May lead to risky behaviour, accidents/mistakes and influence interpersonal relationships

Question 5

Sleep loss causes an emotional change called mood lability. What does this mean?
Greater v____ in emotional s____ following sleep l____

Answer 5

Greater variability in emotional states following sleep loss

Question 6

What are three emotional changes likely following sleep loss?
1. I____ with other people
2. Lack e____
3. More likely to have i____ c____

Answer 6

1. Irritable with other people
2. Lack empathy
3. More likely to have interpersonal conflict

Question 7

After sleep loss, you may have reduced ability to r____ e____ responses

Answer 7

regulate emotional responses

Question 8

What are three examples of bodily effects of sleep loss?
1. Lowered i____
2. Altered s____ response
3. M____ abnormalities

Answer 8

1. Lowered immunity
2. Altered stress response
3. Metabolic abnormalities

Question 9

Robert McDonald broke the world record for staying awake the longest in 1986. How long did he stay awake for?

Answer 9

453 hours, 40 minutes
(18 days, 21 hours, 40 minutes)

Question 10

What are two reasons the Guinness book of World Records stopped monitoring the record for the longest time to stay awake?

Answer 10

1. The dangers associated with sleep deprivation
2. The discovery of ‘microsleeps’

Question 11

What are three common sleep manipulations in experiments?
1. T____ sleep d____
2. Sleep r____
3. Sleep f____

Answer 11

1. Total sleep deprivation
2. Sleep restriction
3. Sleep fragmentation

Question 12

Babson et al (2010) researched in sleep deprivation increases symptoms of anxiety and depression by getting pts to stay awake for 24 hours. What were the results?

Answer 12

Acute sleep deprivation increased specific symptoms of state anxiety and depression + general distress…
1. Anxious arousal
2. Depressive symptoms
3. General distress

Question 13

Reeve et al (2018) researched if insomnia-like sleep loss in non-clinical pts temporarily simulated the development of psychotic experiences. What was the measures and the results?

Answer 13

MEASURES:
1. Specific Psychotic Experiences Questionnaire sub scales:
- paranoia
- Hallucinations
- Cognitive Disorganisation
- Grandiosity
2. Negative Affect: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Stress

RESULTS:
- Sleep restriction significantly increased all aspects of psychotic experience except grandiosity
- Significantly increased depression, anxiety and stress

Question 14

Studies into sleep restriction, negative mood and psychotic symptoms concluded what?

Answer 14

Sleep problems may be causally relevant to the onset and maintenance of distressing psychotic experiences

Question 15

Sleep deprivation (aka “wake therapy”) is a period of imposed wakefulness used to treat ____ since the ____

Answer 15

Major depressive episodes
1970s

Question 16

Experimental studies provide stronger causal evidence that poor sleep might be causally relevant to…

Answer 16

The onset/maintenance of mental health disorders

Question 17

One idea for why sleep and mental health symptoms are linked is vicious cycles especially involving emotional processes. What does this mean?

Answer 17

• Sleep and MHS interact
• means one exacerbates the other
• VC are loops where sleep problems and MHS influence each other negatively
• … creating a downward spiral

Question 18

Fill in the gaps about how vicious cycles occur:
1. The effect of insufficient sleep can ____ or ____ emotional ____
2. Emotional ____ can then produce further sources of ____ which increase sleep ____
3. The increased sleep ____ can then lead to even more amplified emotional ____ which then also make subsequent ____ even worse
4. You’re then trapped in a ____ ____ ____ of escalating sleep and mental health difficulties over time

Answer 18

1. Create, amplify, difficulties
2. Difficulties, distress, disruption
3. Disruption, difficulties, sleep
4. vicious downward spiral

Question 19

Palmer et al (2023) conducted a meta-analysis of over 50 years of research on sleep loss and emotion. What were the results from these 154 studies?

Answer 19

• all forms of sleep loss reduced positive mood
• Only sleep deprivation and sleep restriction exerted significant effects on negative mood
• sleep loss seems to influence mood in health populations over short time frames… effects are likely amplified with chronic sleep disorder

Question 20

Palmer et al (2023) found the effect of sleep loss on emotional reactivity peaked when…

Answer 20

Sleep duration was reduced to 4 hours

Question 21

Palmer et al (2023) found that increased emotional reactivity was stronger after…

Answer 21

REM sleep loss but effect of slow wave sleep loss was negligible

Question 22

Deprivation of especially REM-sleep leads to greater ____ of the ____ brain structures resulting in ____ ____ ____

Answer 22

Excitation, limbic, enhanced emotional reactivity

Question 23

Sleep loss affects ability to ____/____ emotional responses

Answer 23

regulate/control

Question 24

Many lab studies of sleep deprivation/restriction lack…

Answer 24

Ecological validity

Question 25

Zohar et al (2005) measured sleep with ____ and ____ and also had pts respond to ____ to report their mood and any ____ events

Answer 25

actigraphy, diaries
prompts, disruptive

Question 26

Fill in the gaps about the results of Zohar et al (2005):
1. Negative mood was always worse following ____ events
2. But this was significantly ____ with ____ sleep
3. When there were no ____ events, negative mood was ____ regardless of whether pts had good/bad sleep
4. Good sleep probably enabled doctors to divert their ____ resources to dealing with a ____ keeping ____ feelings at bay

Answer 26

1. disruptive
2. greater, bad
3. disruptive, the same
4. cognitive, disruption, negative

Question 27

Sleep loss decreases ____ and increases ____ (especially in the context of ____)

Answer 27

decreases positive mood
increases negative mood
negative life events

Question 28

Sleep loss (especially REM) increases ____ and decreases ____ (____)

Answer 28

increases emotional reactivity
decreases emotional control
(all gas no breaks)

Question 29

The causal impact of emotions on sleep has much less ____ than the impact of sleep on emotions

Answer 29

much less evidence

Question 30

Negative emotions had the strongest impact on…

Answer 30

Sleep onset latency (SOL)

Question 31

Which two emotions are considered maladaptive emotion regulation strategies?

Answer 31

Worry and rumination
they are stress-related repetitive negative thoughts that, when severe, can become maladaptive

Question 32

Clancy et al (2020) ran a meta-analysis of 55 studies and found that rumination and worry were associated with what three things?

Answer 32

1. Poorer sleep quality
2. Shorter total sleep time
3. Longer sleep onset latency

Question 33

McGowan & Behar (2013) findings suggest that if you intervene on worry you can reduce what?

Answer 33

Insomnia symptoms

Question 34

What were the two groups in McGowan & Behar (2013) study?

Answer 34

1. (Intervention) Prescribed Worry
2. (Control) Focused Worry

Question 35

In McGown and Behar (2013), after two weeks the prescribed worry group had significantly reduced levels of what?

Answer 35

Worry, anxiety and insomnia

Question 36

Maladaptive _____ ____ strategies are related to poorer sleep ____, shorter ____ and longer ____

Answer 36

Emotion regulation
quality, total sleep time, sleep latency onset

Question 37

We might be able to improve sleep by ____ on ____ ____ ____

Answer 37

Intervening
Maladaptive emotion regulation