4. Experimental Studies and Underlying Emotional Mechanisms Flashcards
With sleep loss, it takes increased effort to perform the same c____, e____, s____ or p____ tasks
Cognitive, emotional, social, physical
Sleepiness/tiredness is most problematic during periods of…
Low stimulation
During sleepiness/tiredness you are susceptible to what two things?
- Micro-sleeps
- Brief lapses in attention
What are four ways sleep loss impacts attention and cognition?
1. Lapses in a____
2. Impaired p____
3. D____ and i____
4. May lead to r____ behaviour, accidents/mistakes and influence i____ relationships
- Lapses in attention
- Impaired performance
- Distractible, impulsive
- May lead to risky behaviour, accidents/mistakes and influence interpersonal relationships
Sleep loss causes an emotional change called mood lability. What does this mean?
Greater v____ in emotional s____ following sleep l____
Greater variability in emotional states following sleep loss
What are three emotional changes likely following sleep loss?
1. I____ with other people
2. Lack e____
3. More likely to have i____ c____
- Irritable with other people
- Lack empathy
- More likely to have interpersonal conflict
After sleep loss, you may have reduced ability to r____ e____ responses
regulate emotional responses
What are three examples of bodily effects of sleep loss?
1. Lowered i____
2. Altered s____ response
3. M____ abnormalities
- Lowered immunity
- Altered stress response
- Metabolic abnormalities
Robert McDonald broke the world record for staying awake the longest in 1986. How long did he stay awake for?
453 hours, 40 minutes
(18 days, 21 hours, 40 minutes)
What are two reasons the Guinness book of World Records stopped monitoring the record for the longest time to stay awake?
- The dangers associated with sleep deprivation
- The discovery of ‘microsleeps’
What are three common sleep manipulations in experiments?
1. T____ sleep d____
2. Sleep r____
3. Sleep f____
- Total sleep deprivation
- Sleep restriction
- Sleep fragmentation
Babson et al (2010) researched in sleep deprivation increases symptoms of anxiety and depression by getting pts to stay awake for 24 hours. What were the results?
Acute sleep deprivation increased specific symptoms of state anxiety and depression + general distress…
1. Anxious arousal
2. Depressive symptoms
3. General distress
Reeve et al (2018) researched if insomnia-like sleep loss in non-clinical pts temporarily simulated the development of psychotic experiences. What was the measures and the results?
MEASURES:
1. Specific Psychotic Experiences Questionnaire sub scales:
- paranoia
- Hallucinations
- Cognitive Disorganisation
- Grandiosity
2. Negative Affect: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Stress
RESULTS:
- Sleep restriction significantly increased all aspects of psychotic experience except grandiosity
- Significantly increased depression, anxiety and stress
Studies into sleep restriction, negative mood and psychotic symptoms concluded what?
Sleep problems may be causally relevant to the onset and maintenance of distressing psychotic experiences
Sleep deprivation (aka “wake therapy”) is a period of imposed wakefulness used to treat ____ since the ____
Major depressive episodes
1970s
Experimental studies provide stronger causal evidence that poor sleep might be causally relevant to…
The onset/maintenance of mental health disorders
One idea for why sleep and mental health symptoms are linked is vicious cycles especially involving emotional processes. What does this mean?
- Sleep and MHS interact
- means one exacerbates the other
- VC are loops where sleep problems and MHS influence each other negatively
- … creating a downward spiral
Fill in the gaps about how vicious cycles occur:
1. The effect of insufficient sleep can ____ or ____ emotional ____
2. Emotional ____ can then produce further sources of ____ which increase sleep ____
3. The increased sleep ____ can then lead to even more amplified emotional ____ which then also make subsequent ____ even worse
4. You’re then trapped in a ____ ____ ____ of escalating sleep and mental health difficulties over time
- Create, amplify, difficulties
- Difficulties, distress, disruption
- Disruption, difficulties, sleep
- vicious downward spiral
Palmer et al (2023) conducted a meta-analysis of over 50 years of research on sleep loss and emotion. What were the results from these 154 studies?
- all forms of sleep loss reduced positive mood
- Only sleep deprivation and sleep restriction exerted significant effects on negative mood
- sleep loss seems to influence mood in health populations over short time frames… effects are likely amplified with chronic sleep disorder
Palmer et al (2023) found the effect of sleep loss on emotional reactivity peaked when…
Sleep duration was reduced to 4 hours
Palmer et al (2023) found that increased emotional reactivity was stronger after…
REM sleep loss but effect of slow wave sleep loss was negligible
Deprivation of especially REM-sleep leads to greater ____ of the ____ brain structures resulting in ____ ____ ____
Excitation, limbic, enhanced emotional reactivity
Sleep loss affects ability to ____/____ emotional responses
regulate/control
Many lab studies of sleep deprivation/restriction lack…
Ecological validity
Zohar et al (2005) measured sleep with ____ and ____ and also had pts respond to ____ to report their mood and any ____ events
actigraphy, diaries
prompts, disruptive
Fill in the gaps about the results of Zohar et al (2005):
1. Negative mood was always worse following ____ events
2. But this was significantly ____ with ____ sleep
3. When there were no ____ events, negative mood was ____ regardless of whether pts had good/bad sleep
4. Good sleep probably enabled doctors to divert their ____ resources to dealing with a ____ keeping ____ feelings at bay
- disruptive
- greater, bad
- disruptive, the same
- cognitive, disruption, negative
Sleep loss decreases ____ and increases ____ (especially in the context of ____)
decreases positive mood
increases negative mood
negative life events
Sleep loss (especially REM) increases ____ and decreases ____ (____)
increases emotional reactivity
decreases emotional control
(all gas no breaks)
The causal impact of emotions on sleep has much less ____ than the impact of sleep on emotions
much less evidence
Negative emotions had the strongest impact on…
Sleep onset latency (SOL)
Which two emotions are considered maladaptive emotion regulation strategies?
Worry and rumination
they are stress-related repetitive negative thoughts that, when severe, can become maladaptive
Clancy et al (2020) ran a meta-analysis of 55 studies and found that rumination and worry were associated with what three things?
- Poorer sleep quality
- Shorter total sleep time
- Longer sleep onset latency
McGowan & Behar (2013) findings suggest that if you intervene on worry you can reduce what?
Insomnia symptoms
What were the two groups in McGowan & Behar (2013) study?
- (Intervention) Prescribed Worry
- (Control) Focused Worry
In McGown and Behar (2013), after two weeks the prescribed worry group had significantly reduced levels of what?
Worry, anxiety and insomnia
Maladaptive _____ ____ strategies are related to poorer sleep ____, shorter ____ and longer ____
Emotion regulation
quality, total sleep time, sleep latency onset
We might be able to improve sleep by ____ on ____ ____ ____
Intervening
Maladaptive emotion regulation
