3. Longitudinal studies and Interventions Flashcards
Cross-sectional/correlational studies measure ____ or ____ things at the same ____
Two or more things at the same point in time
Longitudinal studies measure… and see how it…
One thing now
Predicts something at a later point in time
Longitudinal studies don’t tell us about direct causation, but they do provide stronger evidence about causation. This is because of a temporal assumption. What does this mean?
That cause must come BEFORE effect
A prospective cohort study follows a group of individuals over a period of time to see how certain ____ affect later ____
how certain exposures affect later outcomes
An odds ratio (OR) in sleep research is used to q____ the strength of a____ between s____ problems and the subsequent d____ of m____ h____ d____ over t____
To quantify the strength of the association between sleep problems and the subsequent development of mental health diagnoses over time
Odds Ratio (OR) is so important because…
1. It considers ____ groups
2. It tells you how ____ times more ____ it is that you would develop a ____ diagnosis if you had ____ problems compared to not having ____ problems
- Because it considers BOTH groups!
- The OR it tells you how MANY times more likely it is that you would develop a MH diagnosis if you had sleep problems compared to not having sleep problems
In sleep research, what do the following odds ratios (OR) mean?
1. OR = 1
2. OR greater than 1
3. OR less than 1
- Sleep problems do NOT affect the likelihood of developing a mental health diagnosis
- Individuals with sleep problems are MORE likely to develop a mental health diagnosis compared to those without sleep problems
(e.g. OR = 2 meaning that people with sleep problems are 2 x MORE likely to develop a mental health diagnosis over 1 year compared to those without sleep problems) - Individuals with sleep problems are LESS likely to develop a mental health diagnosis compared to those without sleep problems
What is a meta-analysis?
A method of combining and analysing data from many studies that address the same research question
In a forest plot, each study has what two things?
- An effect size (square)
- Confidence interval (line through square)
What is the line of no effect in a forest plot?
This is placed at the point where the effect size equals no effect.
When an Odds ratio is 1, why is the line of no effect at 1?
Because an OR of 1 means that there is no difference in odds between the two groups being compared.
What did Hertenstein et al (20203) meta-analysis of longitudinal studies examine?
Whether insomnia predicts later mental health diagnosis
Insomnia increases the risk of developing what four conditions at a later point in time?
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Alcohol abuse
- Psychotic disorders
(strongest for anxiety and depression)
The aim of Koren et al (2002) was to explore the role of sleep c____ post-t____ in the development of P____
Explore the role of sleep complaints post-trauma in the development of PTSD
Who did Koren et al (2002) study?
102 survivors of motor vehicle accidents followed up over 1 year
Of the 102 pts in Koren et al (2002), how many met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD?
26 (25.5%)
What were the results of Koren et al (2002)?
- Most participants reported sleep difficulties 1-week after the accident
- The severity was slightly greater in those who developed PTSD
- The gap in sleep problems between PTSD and no-PTSD groups got bigger over time
- By 3-months the no-PTSD group have sleep difficulties comparable to the control group
- The PTSD group have sustained sleep difficulties over the year whereas the no-PTSD group sleep gets better and stabilises (lower than the control group at 1-year)
Results from Koren et al (2002) suggest what?
- May be possible to detect who will develop PTSD from their post-trauma sleep complaints
What is the basic question asked by interventionist-causal models?
Does change in X via intervention cause change in Y?
What are the 5 components for Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)?
1. Sleep h____
2. S____ control
3. Sleep r____
4. R____
5. C____
- Sleep hygiene
- Stimulus control
- Sleep restriction
- Relaxation
- Cognitive
What are the three most common relaxation exercises in CBT-I?
1. Progressive m____ relaxation
2. Deep b____
3. I____ training
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation
- Deep Breathing
- Imagery Training
What are the three common methods of cognitive therapy in CNT-I?
1. Cognitive r____
2. P____ intention
3. Thought s____
- Cognitive Restructuring
- Paradoxical Intention
- Thought Stopping
What was the aim of Scott et al (2021)?
Provide better causal evidence that sleep and mental health are causally related
What were the three stipulations of Scott et al (2021) meta-analysis?
- RCTs had to actually improve sleep
- Studies had to look at mental health at a later point in time rather than immediately post-treatment
- More than just CBT-I and/or anxiety and depression
What were the results of Scott et al (2021) meta-analysis?
1. Studies ____ sleep ____ mental health
2. Evidence of ____-____ relationship
- studies improving sleep improved mental health
- evidence of dose-response relationship (more improve sleep, more improve mental health)
The effect of _____ on insomnia is bigger than CBT-I and exercise
Acupuncture!
