1. What is sleep?

Question 1

What is sleep defined as?

Answer 1

A naturally recurring, reversible state of perceptual disengagement, reduced consciousness and relative immobility.

Question 2

What is the propensity of sleep pattered by?

Answer 2

Homeostatic and circadian factors

Question 3

Sleep is a non-____ biological state required for the ____ of life - our need for sleep parallels those for ____, ____ and ____

Answer 3

negotiable
maintenance
air
food
water

Question 4

What are some things that sleep impacts?
1. M____, c____ and l____
2. Aspects of our e____ and how we r____ them
3. W____ clearance from the b____
4. N____ metabolism
5. I____ responses

Answer 4

1. memory, cognition, learning
2. Emotions, regulate
3. Waste, brain
4. Nutrient
5. Immune

Question 5

What is fatal familial insomnia?

Answer 5

A rare inherited disease that results in severe insomnia and eventually death

Question 6

How long does each sleep cycle last?

Answer 6

Around 90 minutes

Question 7

How many sleep cycles do you typically have over the course of a sleep period?

Answer 7

5-6 sleep cycles

Question 8

What are the two broad sleep stages?

Answer 8

1. NREM
   - N1
   - N2
   - N3/4
2. REM
   - Rapid Eye Movement

Question 9

When is her proportion of NREM and REM typically higher?

Answer 9

NREM higher at start of sleep period
REM higher towards end of sleep period

Question 10

Sleep architecture is often graphically represented in a what?

Answer 10

Hypnogram

Question 11

Where do the following attach?
1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
2. Electromyogram (EMG)
3. Electro-oculogram (EOG)

Answer 11

1. records electrical brain potentials from the scalp
2. electrodes attached to chin to monitor muscles activity
3. attached around eyes to monitor eye movements

Question 12

What is on the x axis in PSG data?

Answer 12

Time is across x-axis
each mini square = 1 second

Question 13

What is meant by frequency?

Answer 13

How many cycles of a waveform you see every second

Question 14

What activity happens when someone is awake and attentive?

Answer 14

Beta activity (13-30Hz)

Question 15

What activity happens when eyes are closed and starting to get drowsy?

Answer 15

Alpha activity (8-12Hz) - associated with state of relaxation

Question 16

What do we see in N1 (transition to sleep)

Answer 16

Slow rolling eye ,movements
Looks like drowsiness but start to see more theta waves (4-8Hz)

Question 17

What are three subtypes of hypnogogic hallucinations in stage N1?

Answer 17

Tetris effect
Auditory
Falling sensation

Question 18

When does N2 happen?

Answer 18

After about 10 mins

Question 19

What are K-complex delta waves in N2?

Answer 19

Special kind of delta wave
Sudden sharp waveforms unique to N2
Represent inhibitory mechanism to prevent awakening

Question 20

How much of sleep does N2 make up?

Answer 20

Around 50% of total sleep

Question 21

What are the two things characteristic of stage N2?

Answer 21

Sleep spindles
K-complexes

Question 22

What other name is N3 known as?

Answer 22

Slow-wave sleep

Question 23

What is N3 characterised by?

Answer 23

low frequency, high amplitude EEG activity known as delta waves

Question 24

When will your body prioritise N3?

Answer 24

After you have been sleep deprived to compensate for the loss

Question 25

How much of sleep does N3 make up?

Answer 25

10-20%
Decreases throughout night

Question 26

What two things typically happen in stage N3?

Answer 26

Sleepwalking
Night terrors

Question 27

Stephan et al (2021) found people perceived which stage of sleep was the deepest?

Answer 27

REM

Question 28

What were the effects of sleeping in a rocking bed?

Answer 28

1. Quicker to get to sleep (and quicker to get to N3 sleep)
2. Increased N3 duration
3. Enhanced overnight memory consolidation

Question 29

What does REM sleep look like on a graph?

Answer 29

Similar to N1 but can see rapid eye movements and muscle tone from the chin is low

Question 30

How much of sleep does REM make up?

Answer 30

Around 15%

Question 31

What is typically most vivid in REM?

Answer 31

Dreaming

Question 32

What name is REM sleep often called?

Answer 32

Paradoxical sleep (brain is very active but body can’t do anything)

Question 33

What is REM sleep behaviour disorder?

Answer 33

Parasomnia in which muscle atone is lost and abnormal behaviours such as dream enactment occur

Question 34

What % of people with
1. Parkinson’s disease
2. Dementia
have RBD?

Answer 34

1. 25-58%
2. 90%

Question 35

Define polysomnography

Answer 35

a procedure that uses electroencephalogram, electro-oculogram, electromyogram to assess sleep stages

Question 36

Define sleep spindles

Answer 36

brief bursts of brainwave activity (primarily during stage 2NREM, lasting 1-2 seconds and named after their spindle-like appearance of the EEG

Question 37

What are sleep problems one of the earliest signs of?

Answer 37

Relapse of mental health disorders

Question 38

Historically, sleep disturbances were considered a what of mental health disorders?

Answer 38

Consequence or symptom

Question 39

Sleep architecture (stages and cycles) is often graphically represented in a what?

Answer 39

Hypnogram

Question 40

Which body parts do the following record data from?
1. EEG
2. EOG
3. EMG

Answer 40

1. Top, middle and back of head
2. Eye movements
3. Muscle tone (chin)