4) Endocrine Flashcards
Adrenal Gland Disorders:
= Hyperadrenalism (Cushing’s Syndrome) & Hypoadrenalism (Addison’s Disease)
At what blood glucose level does the kidneys start passing glucose into urine?
180 mg/dL
Cushing’s Syndrome (Hyperadrenalism):
= Excess cortisol → moon face, weight gain (upper body), buffalo hump, purple striae. “Cortisol Cushion”
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Type 1:
Kussmaul’s Respirations:
= Fat metabolism → ketones → metabolic acidosis (pH <7.35) → hyperglycemia (250-500+), Kussmaul respirations, “fruity breath”, ABDMN pain
= Deep rapid breathing due to metabolic acidosis from excess ketones.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is usually seen in patients with which type of diabetes?
Type I Diabetes
Endocrine Chromaffin Cells (Adrenal Medulla):
Release epinephrine & norepinephrine; overactivity leads to hypertension (pheochromocytoma), underactivity reduces stress response.
Endocrine Alpha Cells (Pancreas):
Produce glucagon to increase blood glucose; overproduction results in hyperglycemia, underproduction causes hypoglycemia.
Endocrine Beta Cells (Pancreas):
Secrete insulin to regulate blood glucose; destruction causes diabetes mellitus.
Endocrine Cells
Beta Cells (Pancreas), Alpha Cells (Pancreas),
Chromaffin Cells (Adrenal Medulla)
Types of Diabetes:
Endocrine vs Exocrine:
= Influences nearly every cell, organ, & bodily Fn.
= Endocrine releases hormones into the bloodstream; exocrine secretes substances through ducts.
Types of Diabetes:
Islets of Langerhans:
= Type 1 (autoimmune, insulin-dependent) & Type 2 (insulin resistance, linked to obesity, may be managed w/ diet & meds)
= Alpha Cells (glucagon ↑ blood sugar), Beta Cells (insulin ↓ blood sugar), Delta Cells (somatostatin inhibits glucagon & insulin).
Endocrine/hormone) Cortisol
Epinephrine
= Stress hormone from adrenal cortex; promotes gluconeogenesis & anti-inflammatory effects.
= Adrenal medulla hormone; increases HR, cardiac output, & bronchodilation during stress.
Endocrine/Hormones System) Glucagon:
Insulin:
Cortisol
: Secreted by alpha cells of pancreas; increases BG by stimulating glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis. Binds to receptors on liver, adipose tissue, & heart (reg/s CO).
= Secreted by beta cells; lowers BG by enhancing cellular uptake & glycogenesis.
Enzymes) Amylase:
Lipase:
= Breaks down carbohydrates (starches) into simpler sugars (e.g., maltose); found in saliva & pancreas.
= Hydrolyzes lipids into glycerol & fatty acids; secreted by the pancreas.
Endocrine/hormone) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):
Thyroid Hormones (T3/T4):
= Increases blood Ca+ by stimulating bone resorption & renal reabsorption.
= Regulate metabolism, growth, & development.
Glucagon Function:
Insulin Function:
= Released by alpha cells when blood sugar is low → liver breaks down glycogen into glucose → raises blood sugar
= Released by beta cells when blood sugar is high → allows glucose into cells via facilitated diffusion → lowers blood sugar.
How does the endocrine system control the body?
Via hormones.
Hyperglycemia Pathophysiology:
S/S:
= Lack of insulin → fat metabolism (lipolysis) → ketones & metabolic acidosis → excessive glucose causes kidney diuresis.
= Polyuria (frequent urination), Polydipsia (excessive thirst), Polyphagia (excessive hunger).
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia Syndrome (HHS) is usually seen in patients with which type of diabetes?
Type II Diabetes
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS) - Type 2:
= Gradual onset, hyperglycemia (>600), severe dehydration, AMS, no ketones (no acidosis)
Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ Disease):
= Autoimmune overproduction of thyroid hormones (T3/4) stim/ cell metabolism
goiter, exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
Hypoglycemia:
= Blood glucose <70 mg/dL → caused by excess insulin, inadequate food intake → can cause seizures, coma, death.
Hypothyroidism (Myxedema, Myxedema Coma):
= Inadequate thyroid hormone (T3/4) stim/ “hypo slows cells down”
= goiter, heart issues, neuropathy, coma.
In Type I diabetics with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), what process increases ventilation?
The lack of available insulin forces the cells of the body to convert to lipolysis in order to make cellular energy.
Major Endocrine Glands:
Diabetes:
Pancreas & Diabetes:
= Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads
= Disease where insulin production or response is impaired → abnormal carbohydrate metabolism & increased blood glucose.
= Contains both endocrine (hormone-producing) & exocrine (digestive enzyme-producing) tissues.
Mesothelial Cells:
Pancreatic Acinar Cells:
= Line body cavities (pleura, peritoneum); secrete lubricating fluid.
= Secrete digestive enzymes (e.g., amylase, lipase) into the duodenum
Thyroid Disorders:
= Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ Disease, Thyroid Storm) & Hypothyroidism (Myxedema, Myxedema Coma)
Addison’s Disease (Hypoadrenalism):
= Inadequate cortisol & aldosterone production → adrenal crisis if untreated.
Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxic Crisis):
= “Tense Tachy Temp” Life-threatening thyroid hormone surge → extreme tachycardia, hypertension, fever.
Type 1 Diabetes:
= Autoimmune destruction of beta cells → no insulin production → requires insulin therapy & frequent glucose monitoring.
Type 2 Diabetes:
= Insulin resistance → linked to obesity → managed w/ diet, exercise, & meds that increase insulin secretion or receptor sensitivity.
What are adrenal gland disorders?
Hyperadrenalism (Cushing’s Syndrome).
Hypoadrenalism (Addison’s Disease).
What are Kussmaul’s respirations?
Deep rapid breathing due to metabolic acidosis from excess ketones.
What are the characteristics of Type 1 diabetes?
Requires external insulin, frequent blood sugar monitoring, & sometimes insulin pumps.
Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells, leading to alternative energy pathways.
What are the characteristics of Type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance, often linked to obesity; can sometimes be reversed w/ lifestyle changes.
Treated w/ meds that increase insulin secretion, enhance receptor sensitivity, or decrease glucagon effects.
What are the major endocrine glands?
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads.
What are the signs & symptoms of hyperglycemia?
3 P’s: Polyuria (frequent urination), Polydipsia (excessive thirst), Polyphagia (excessive hunger).
What are the types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans?
Alpha Cells: Produce glucagon (raises blood sugar).
Beta Cells: Produce insulin (lowers blood sugar).
Delta Cells: Produce somatostatin (inhibits glucagon & insulin secretion).
What are the types of diabetes?
Type 1: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells → requires insulin.
Type 2: Insulin resistance, often linked to obesity; can be managed w/ diet, exercise, & meds.
What are thyroid disorders?
Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ Disease, Thyroid Storm).
Hypothyroidism (Myxedema, Myxedema Coma).
What best defines Type I Diabetes?
It is usually caused by an autoimmune response in which the body’s immune system attacks and kills the beta cells of the pancreas.
What blood glucose level identifies as being hyperglycemic?
> 120mg/dL - >140mg/dL
What blood glucose level identifies as being hypoglycemic?
< 70mg/dL
What breathing pattern is recognized in a newly diagnosed Type I diabetic with lethargy and confusion?
Kussmaul’s Respirations
What causes endocrine disorders?
Endocrine disorders are caused by internal communication problems.
What condition is characterized by insufficient cortisol production from the adrenal glands?
Addison’s Disease
What condition might a patient with an enlarged neck, weight loss, and bulging eyes have?
Graves’ Disease
What do alpha cells of the pancreas secrete?
Glucagon
What do beta cells of the pancreas secrete?
Insulin
What do delta cells of the pancreas secrete?
Somatostatin
What do the adrenal glands secrete?
The adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, secrete catecholamines such as norepinephrine and epinephrine.
What does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulate?
Stimulates release of corticosteroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone.
Targets adrenal cortexes.
What does Somatostatin do?
Somatostatin is the opposite of GH (Growth Hormone). “Stopper”
What does the endocrine system influence?
Nearly every cell, organ, and bodily function.
What does the parathyroid hormone cause?
An increase in the blood Ca level.
What does the release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland cause?
The blood Ca level to drop “calcitonin cuts Ca”
What findings support a diagnosis of Cushing’s Disease?
Moon face, Excessive purple stretch marks, Buffalo hump. “Cushings look like a cushion”
What findings would substantiate a suspected overdose of levothyroxine? “Thyroid horomone replacement med”
A-Fib w/ RVR, hypotension and seizures.
What happens when T-cells attack normal cells?
When T-cells attack normal cells, it can lead to autoimmune diseases.
What hormone contributes to salt and fluid balance?
Aldosterone (ADH)
Targets kidneys, blood.
What hormone decreases blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Targets all cells, particularly in liver, muscle, and fat.
What hormone does the hypothalamus release to stimulate growth?
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Targets the anterior pituitary.
What hormone does the hypothalamus release to stimulate the adrenal cortex?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Targets the anterior pituitary.
What hormone increases blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Targets bone, intestine, kidneys.
What hormone increases blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
Targets all cells, particularly in liver, muscle, and fat.
What hormone inhibits growth hormone release?
Somatostatin (GHIH)
Targets the anterior pituitary.
What hormone inhibits milk production?
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Targets the anterior pituitary.
What hormone is released by the posterior pituitary?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) & Oxytocin
What hormone is released in response to light and affects mood?
Melatonin
Exact action unknown; can help determine daily, lunar, and reproductive cycles.
What hormone is responsible for uterine contractions?
Oxytocin
Released by the posterior pituitary.
What hormone prepares the uterus for pregnancy?
Progesterone
targets uterus
What hormone stimulates cell metabolism?
Thyroxine (T4) targets all cells
What hormone stimulates milk production in mammary glands?
Prolactin (PRL)
Targets mammary glands.
What hormone stimulates milk production?
Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
(Targets anterior pituitary)
What hormone stimulates reproduction and functional development of T lymphocytes?
Thymosin
Targets white blood cells, primarily T lymphocytes.
What hormone stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females?
Estrogen
Targets most cells, particularly those of the female reproductive tract.
What hormone stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males?
Testosterone
Targets most cells, particularly those of the male reproductive tract.
What hormone stimulates the development of sex cells?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Targets ovaries or testes.
What hormone stimulates the fight-or-flight response?
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Targets muscle, liver, cardiovascular system.
What hormone stimulates the release of estrogen and testosterone?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Targets ovaries or testes.
What hormone stimulates the release of sex hormones?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
(Targets anterior pituitary)
What hormone stimulates the thyroid gland?
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
(Targets anterior pituitary)
What hormone stimulates the thyroid to release thyroid hormones?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic), TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating), GH (Growth Hormone), PRL (Prolactin), LH (Luteinizing), FSH (Follicle-Stimulating).
What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?
The pituitary gland secretes 2 posterior hormones (ADH/Vasopressin and Oxytocin) and 6 anterior hormones (Thyroid, Prolactin, FSH, LH, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, GH).
What hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) & Oxytocin.
What is Addison’s Disease (Hypoadrenalism)?
Inadequate cortisol & aldosterone production.
Can lead to adrenal crisis, requiring immediate treatment. “Addison can’t stress”
What is Cushing’s Syndrome (Hyperadrenalism)
Causes:
Excess cortisol → moon face, weight gain (especially upper body), buffalo hump, purple striae.
= Exogenous (steroids) or endogenous overproduction.
What is diabetes?
Disease where the body’s ability to produce or respond to insulin is impaired, leading to abnormal carbohydrate metabolism & increased blood glucose.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in Type 1 diabetes:
Signs:
Treatment:
Fat metabolism → ketone production → metabolic acidosis.
=Hyperglycemia (250-500+), ketones, Kussmaul respirations (rapid deep breathing, fruity breath), abdominal pain, pH <7.35.
= Fluids, insulin, electrolyte management.
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) in Type 2 diabetes?
Treatment:
Gradual onset, extreme hyperglycemia (>600), severe dehydration, altered mental status, no ketones (no acidosis).
Fluids, electrolyte correction, insulin if needed.
What is hyperthyroidism (Graves’ Disease)?
Symptoms:
Thyroid Storm:
Autoimmune overproduction of thyroid hormones.
= Goiter, exophthalmos (bulging eyes).
= Life-threatening excessive thyroid hormone release → ↑HR, ↑BP, ↑temp.
What is hypoglycemia?
Blood sugar <70 mg/dL, must be corrected immediately.
Causes: Excess insulin, inadequate food intake. Symptoms: Pale, diaphoretic, tachycardia, AMS, seizures, possible death.
What is hypothyroidism (Myxedema, Myxedema Coma)?
Treatment:
Inadequate thyroid hormones, can lead to goiter, heart issues, neuropathy, coma.
=Thyroid hormone replacement.
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Exocrine glands have ducts and can deal with enzymes, while endocrine glands are more systemic.
Endocrine vs Exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream w/o ducts
Exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts.
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) fn
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) fn
Increases water reabsorption in kidneys → prevents dehydration.
Aldosterone fn
Increases Na+ retention & K+ excretion to regulate BP.
Calcitonin fn
Calcitonin lowers blood Ca+ Lvls via promotes osteoblast activity & by inhibiting osteoclasts.
Epinephrine fn
Increases HR, BP, & metabolism (fight-or-flight response).
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) fn
Stimulates follicle maturation in females & spermatogenesis in males.
GH (Growth Hormone) fn
Stimulates growth, metabolism, & IGF-1 production in liver.
Glucagon fn
Raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown.
Insulin fn
Lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake into cells.
LH (Luteinizing Hormone) fn
Stimulates ovulation in females & testosterone production in males.
Melatonin fn
Regulates sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm).
Oxytocin fn
Stimulates uterine contractions & milk ejection.
PRL (Prolactin) fn
Stimulates milk production in mammary glands.
PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) fn
Increases blood Ca+ by stimulating osteoclasts & kidney reabsorption.
Pancreas fn
The pancreas has the majority of endocrine functions and produces pancreatic juice.
Pineal gland fn
The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which regulates the circadian cycle.
TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) fn
Stimulates thyroid gland to release T3 & T4.
What is the Glasgow Coma scale score for a patient who is verbal but confused, closes eyes, and localizes with painful stimulus?
12
What is the key organ in diabetes?
Pancreas (contains both endocrine & exocrine tissues).
What is the longest cranial nerve in the human body?
Vagus CN 10
What is the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia?
Insufficient insulin → reliance on fat metabolism (lipolysis) → ATP & CO₂ production → excess glucose causes kidney diuresis.
Growth hormone (GH) fn
Stimulates body growth in childhood; causes switch to fats as energy source.
Targets all cells, especially growing cells.
What is the role of hormones in the endocrine system?
Hormones are chemical substances produced by a gland that act as messenger signals.
Thymus?
The thymus matures T-cells (4 & 8) and helps detect irregular human and cancer cells.
Thyroid often referred to as?
The thyroid is referred to as the ‘internal flame.’
What might a patient with damage to the posterior pituitary gland experience?
Excrete too much water and become extremely hypovolemic. (ADH)
What organ is key in blood glucose level regulation?
Pancreas
What should the release of glucagon by the pancreas cause?
An increase in the BGL.
What should the release of insulin by the pancreas cause?
A decrease in the blood sugar level.
What triggers glucagon release?
Released by alpha cells when blood sugar drops, triggering the liver to break down glycogen into glucose.
What triggers insulin release?
Released by beta cells when blood sugar rises, allowing glucose to enter cells via facilitated diffusion.
Which cranial nerve controls the size of the pupil?
Cranial Nerve III
Which gender tends to have more endocrine problems
Females tend to have more
Why does glycosuria cause fluid loss from the body?
increase amount of water that is not reabsorbed by the kidneys bc Water loves to follow sugar
Cranial nerves name mnemonic:
Cranial nerve names:
= “Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel A Girl’s Vagina, Such Heaven!
1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. Vestibulocochlear (or Auditory)
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Spinal Accessory
12. Hypoglossal
Cranial nerve types mnemonic:
Nerve types:
= “Some Say Marry Money, But My Bitch Says Big Boobs Matter Most.”
= 1. Olfactory - Sensory
2. Optic - Sensory
3. Oculomotor - Motor
4. Trochlear - Motor
5. Trigeminal - Both
6. Abducens - Motor
7. Facial - Both
8. Vestibulocochlear (or Auditory) - Sensory
9. Glossopharyngeal - Both
10. Vagus - Both
11. Spinal Accessory - Motor
12. Hypoglossal - Motor
Cranial nerve location mnemonic:
Nerve locations:
= “Sexy EMTs Play Erotic Jokes, Exciting Their Erotic Lover’s Asshole Stimulating Them.”
= Sniffer- smells (Olfactory)
= Eyes - Eyesight (Optic)
= Pupils - Pupils & eye movement (Oculomotor)
= Eyes = eyes movement (Trochlear)
= Jaw -mastication (Trigeminal: sense face & motor jaw)
= Eyes - Eye movement (Abducens)
= Taster - Taste & facial expression (Facial)
= Ears - Ears hearing & balance (Vestibulocochlear)
= Licker- tongue taste & swallow (Glossopharyngeal)
= ABDMN- Autonomic control thorax & ABDMN (Vagus)
= Shoulders -shrug & neck m-nt (Spinal Accessory)
= Tongue - Tongue movement (Hypoglossal)
Most head injury PTs who’re in a coma & likely to need endotracheal intubation have a GCS score of:
8 or less
CN 3,7,9,10
Pupil correlates w/ L. of injury EX right pupil blown is right brain trauma
CN with their correct name) CN 4
CN 10
CN 6
CN 9
CN 8
CN 12
CN 11
CN 3
CN 5
CN 7
CN 2
CN 1
Trochlear 4
Vagus 10
Abducens 6
Glossopharyngeal 9
Acoustic (Vestibulocochlear) 8
Hypoglossal 12
Spinal Accessory 11
Oculomotor 3
Trigeminal 5
Facial 7
Optic 2
Olfactory 1
Eyes cranial nerves:
Lost Eye motor control CN:
= 2, 3, 4, 6
= 4 & 6
What is the function and type of CN I
(Olfactory)Sensory | Smell | Neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic.
What is the function and type of CN II
(Optic) Sensory | Vision | Neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic.
What is the function and type of CN III
(Oculomotor) Motor | Eye movement, pupil constriction | Parasympathetic.
What is the function and type of CN IV
(Trochlear) Motor | Eye movement (superior oblique) | Neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic.
What is the function and type of CN V
(Trigeminal) Both | Facial sensation, mastication | Neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic.
What is the function and type of CN VI
(Abducens) Motor | Eye movement (lateral rectus) | Neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic.
What is the function and type of CN VII
(Facial) Both | Facial expression, taste (anterior 2/3), lacrimation | Parasympathetic.
What is the function and type of CN VIII
(Vestibulocochlear) Sensory | Hearing & balance | Neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic.
What is the function and type of CN IX
(Glossopharyngeal) Both | Taste (posterior 1/3), swallowing | Parasympathetic.
What is the function and type of CN X
(Vagus) Both | Parasympathetic control of heart, lungs, digestion | Parasympathetic.
What is the function and type of CN XI
(Accessory) Motor | Shoulder shrug (trapezius, sternocleidomastoid) | Neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic.
What is the function and type of CN XII
(Hypoglossal) Motor | Tongue movement | Neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic.
Osmotic diuresis
When glucose spills into urine, the osmotic pressure, or concentration of particulates, rises inside the kidney tubule to a Lvl > blood Lvl. Water follows glucose into urine to cause a marked water loss termed
What is Graves’ Disease?
Hyperthyroidism
S/S: Goiter, Exophthalmos, TachyC, Wt loss, Heat intolerance. Complications/Rx: Minor life threat: Irreg/ rhythms or BradyC | O₂ if needed.
What is a Thyroid Storm?
Severe Hyperthyroidism Crisis
S/S: High fever, TachyC, HTN, AMS. Complications/Rx: Life threat: Arrhythmias | Beta-blockers, Cooling, Fluids.
What is Myxedema Coma?
S/S:
Complications/Rx:
=Severe Hypothyroidism Crisis
= HypoT, BradyC, AMS, Hypothermia.
= Life threat: Respiratory failure | IV Levothyroxine, Warmth, Fluids.
Cushing’s Syndrome:
S/S:
Complications/Rx:
= hyperadrealism causing Excess Cortisol
= Moon face, Buffalo hump, Wt gain, Purple striae.
= Minor life threat: HTN | Treat underlying cause.
Addison’s Disease:
S/S:
Complications/Rx:
= HypoAdrenalism Insufficiency “Addison can’t stress”
= Weakness, Wt loss, HypoT, HyperK+, Bronze skin
= Life threat: Adrenal Crisis (Shock) | IV Hydrocortisone, Fluids.
What is Adrenal Crisis?
S/S:
Complications/Rx:
=Acute Cortisol Deficiency
= Severe HypoT, Shock, AMS.
= Life threat: Circulatory Collapse | IV Hydrocortisone, Fluids.
What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA):
S/S:
Complications/Rx:
Type 1 DM w/ Severe Hyperglycemia & Ketones
= Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphaga, Fruity breath, Kussmaul’s, AMS.
=Life threat: Acidosis, HyperK+ | IV Insulin, Fluids, Electrolytes.
What is Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS)?
Type 2 DM w/ Severe Hyperglycemia (>600)
= Severe Dehydration, AMS, Weakness, No Ketones.
=Life threat: Shock | IV Fluids, Insulin if needed.
What is Hypoglycemia?
S/S:
Complications/Rx:
Low Blood Sugar (<70)
=AMS, Diaphoresis, TachyC, Seizures.
= Life threat: Seizures, Coma | Oral Glucose, IV Dextrose.
What is SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH)
S/S:
Complications/Rx:
Excess ADH → Fluid Retention
=Dilutional HypoNa+, Low urine output, AMS.
=Life threat: Seizures | Fluid restriction, Hypertonic saline.
What is Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
S/S:
Complications/Rx:
ADH Deficiency → Excess Urination
=Polyuria, Polydipsia, Dehydration, HyperNa+.
=Life threat: HypoV Shock | IV Fluids, DDAVP.
What is Pheochromocytoma:
S/S:
Complications/Rx:
Adrenal Tumor → Excess Catecholamines
=Severe HTN, TachyC, Sweating, HA.
=Life threat: HTN Crisis NEVER ADMIN DOP| Alpha-blockers, Surgery.
When Ketones Are Made:
Liver & Ketones:
Ketosis vs. Ketoacidosis:
= If glucose is unavailable (or cannot enter cells), the body burns fat for energy, producing ketones.
= The liver converts fatty acids into ketones when glucose is low
= Ketosis is a normal metabolic process (low-level ketones), while ketoacidosis is a dangerous condition (high ketones → acidosis).
