4: Emotional and Social Development in Infants and Toddlers

Question 1

the powerful bond of love between a caregiver and child

Answer 1

attachment

Question 2

U.S. federal program that provides counseling and other services to low-income parents and children under age 3

Answer 2

Early Head Start

Question 3

an infant’s first real smile, occurring at about 2 months of age - automatic reflex that doesn’t show true attachment

Answer 3

social smile

Question 4

when a baby gets upset as a primary caregiver leaves the room

Answer 4

separation anxiety

Question 5

when a baby grows wary of people other than a caregiver, getting agitated when an unfamiliar person picks them up

Answer 5

stranger anxiety

Question 6

ideal parenting strategy that involves arranging children’s environments to suit their temperaments, minimize their vulnerabilities, and accentuate their strengths

Answer 6

goodness of fit

Question 7

insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s indifference to being reunited with a primary caregiver after separation

Answer 7

avoidant attachment

Question 8

a person’s characteristic, inborn style of dealing with the world

Answer 8

temperament

Question 9

a baby’s monitoring of a caregiver for cues as to how to behave

Answer 9

social referencing

Question 10

mental representation of a caregiver that enables children over age 3 to be physically apart from the caregiver

Answer 10

working model

Question 11

an ineffective socialization strategy that involves yelling, screaming, or hitting a child

Answer 11

power assertion

Question 12

term describing how the intensity of a child’s deprivation/neglect determines the degree of its lifelong impact on them

Answer 12

dose-response effect

Question 13

Bowlby’s first phase of attachment - first three months of life when infants show no visible signs of attachment

Answer 13

preattachment phase

Question 14

Erikson’s second psychosocial task, when toddlers confront the challenge of understanding that they are separate individuals

Answer 14

autonomy

Question 15

insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s bizarre behavior, such as looking frightened or freezing in place, when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation

Answer 15

disorganized attachment

Question 16

acting to maintain physical contact or be close to an attachment figure - can activate at any age

Answer 16

proximity-seeking behavior

Question 17

deviation from typically joyful child response of being ruined with a primary caregiver, signaling problems in the caregiver-child relationship

Answer 17

insecure attachment

Question 18

less academically oriented group programs serving young children (infants/toddlers)

Answer 18

day care

Question 19

how children are taught to behave in socially appropriate ways

Answer 19

socialization

Question 20

reciprocal aspect of the attachment relationship, with a caregiver and infant responding emotionally to each other in a sensitive, attuned way

Answer 20

synchrony

Question 21

U.S. federal program offering high-quality day care and other services to help preschoolers (3-5 years old) from low-income families prepare for school

Answer 21

Head Start

Question 22

ideal attachment response when a child responds with joy at being reunited with a primary caregiver

Answer 22

secure attachment

Question 23

day care arrangement in which a large number of children are cared for at a licensed facility by paid providers

Answer 23

day care center

Question 24

day care arrangement in which a neighbor or relative cares for a small number of children in his or her home for a fee

Answer 24

family day care

Question 25

insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s intense, inconsolable distress when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation

Answer 25

anxious-ambivalent attachment

Question 26

the closest person in a child’s or an adult’s life

Answer 26

primary attachment figure

Question 27

Bowlby’s third phase of attachment - 7 months through toddlerhood, when infants need to have a primary caregiver nearby

Answer 27

clear-cut (focused) attachment

Question 28

ideal parenting strategy involving empathetically responding to and labeling a young child’s feelings, even when reprimanding them

Answer 28

mind-mindedness

Question 29

feelings of pride, shame, or guilt, which first emerge around age 2 and demonstrate the capacity to reflect on the self

Answer 29

self-conscious emotions

Question 30

a teaching-oriented group setting for children aged 3 to 5

Answer 30

preschool

Question 31

Bowlby’s second phase of attachment - 4-7 months of age, when babies begin to slightly prefer their primary caregiver

Answer 31

attachment in the making

Question 32

procedure to measure attachment at age 1, involving separations and reunions with a caregiver

Answer 32

Strange Situation

Question 33

important transitional stage after babyhood, from roughly age 1 to 2 ½

Answer 33

toddlerhood