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Reproduction Week 3 2018/19 > 4: Embryology of the reproductive system > Flashcards

4: Embryology of the reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Which germ layer is most involved in the renal and urogenital systems?

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

In the very initial stages of development, which two germ layers exist?

A

Epiblast

Hypoblast

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3
Q

Which structure do mesoderm cells migrate through to form the middle germ layer?

A

Primitive streak

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4
Q

After the mesoderm forms, what three sections does it split into?

A

Paraxial (medial)

Intermediate

Lateral

mesoderm

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5
Q

After migrating through the primitive streak, the mesoderm forms paraxial, intermediate and lateral sections.

What are the two subdivisions of the lateral mesoderm?

A

Visceral

Parietal

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6
Q

The urogenital system develops from the ___ mesoderm.

(paraxial, intermediate, lateral, visceral, parietal)

A

intermediate mesoderm

just remember this

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7
Q

Which type of mesoderm does the urogenital system develop from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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8
Q

Early in development, which common cavity do both the renal and genital systems have?

A

Cloaca

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9
Q

From cranial to ventral, what are the parts of the early renal tract called?

A

Pronephros

Mesonephros

Metanephros

finishing at the cloaca

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10
Q

What does the term indifferent gonad mean?

A

You can’t tell if the embryo is male or female

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11
Q

Which type of cell differentiates into the male and female gametes?

A

Primordial germ cell

‘gamete mother cell’

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12
Q

In weeks 4 - 6 of development, the primordial germ cells migrate from the ___ ___ to the ___ ___.

A

yolk sac

to the sex cords

through the dorsal mesentery

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13
Q

Which two ducts are formed by the embryo in Weeks 4 - 6?

A

Mesonephric (Wollfian) duct

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct

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14
Q

What is the other name for the mesonephric duct?

A

Wollfian duct

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15
Q

What is the other name for the paramesonephric duct?

A

Mullerian duct

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16
Q

Which ducts develop into the reproductive tract in

a) males
b) females?

A

a) Mesonephric duct

b) Paramesonephric duct

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17
Q

In terms of sex chromosomes, what determines if an embryo will be male or female?

A

Male - presence of sex-determining region of Y chromosome

Female - absence of sex-determining region of Y chromosome

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18
Q

What are the two germ cells found in males?

What do they do?

A

Sertoli cells - sperm support cells; during development they secrete Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)

Leydig cells - testosterone-producing cells

19
Q

What type of male germ cell secretes Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)?

A

Sertoli cells

20
Q

What is the function of AMH?

A

Causes degeneration of Mullerian tract (paramesonephric duct) in males

21
Q

Which structure connects the mesonephric ducts to the sex cord in males?

What is the sex cord called?

A

Rete testis

Testis cord

22
Q

What hormone do Leydig cells produce?

A

Testosterone

23
Q

What is the function of testosterone during development?

A

Stimulates development of the male reproductive tract

24
Q

What is the path of sperm from the testes to the penis?

A

Seminiferous tubules

Epididymis

Rete testis

Vas deferens

Spermatic –> Ejaculatory ducts

Prostatic –> Spongy urethra

25
Q

Which specific type of testosterone stimulates the development of the male’s external genitalia?

A

Dihydrotestosterone

26
Q

In which condition does a male present with male external genitalia, but both male and female reproductive tracts?

A

Persistent Mullerian Duct syndrome

27
Q

Mutations in the genes for which hormone causes persistent Mullerian duct syndrome?

A

AMH

Anti-Mullerian hormone

28
Q

Which hormones trigger the development of the

a) male external genitalia

b) epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles?

A

a) Dihydrotestosterone

b) Testosterone

29
Q

Where do the testes originate during development?

A

Posterior abdominal wall, 10th thoracic level

30
Q

Which developmental structure pulls the testes inferiorly during development?

A

Gubernaculum

31
Q

Which layers must the testes pass through on their way to the scrotum?

A

Parietal peritoneum

Transversalis fascia

Transversus abdominis

Internal oblique

External oblique

Superficial fascia

32
Q

What are the three layers of the spermatic cord and which abdominal layers are they derived from?

A

Internal spermatic fascia: from transversalis (deep) fascia

Cremasteric fascia: from internal oblique

External spermatic fascia: from superficial fascia

33
Q

Which structures do the testes pass through to reach the scrotum?

A

Deep and superficial inguinal rings

34
Q

What condition is caused by failure of one or both testes to descend?

A

Cryptorchidism

35
Q

Which three accessory glands develop in the male?

A

Prostate gland

Bulbourethral gland

Seminal vesicle

36
Q

In which circumstances does an indifferent embryo develop a female genital tract?

A

Absence of Y chromosome

37
Q

Which female germ cells

a) support the follicles and convert androgens to oestrogen
b) convert pregnenolone to androgens?

A

a) Granulosa cells

b) Theca cells

38
Q

Which hormone triggers the development of the female external genitalia and paramesonephric ducts?

A

Oestrogen

39
Q

Oestrogen triggers the development of which duct in the female?

A

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct

40
Q

Which aspects of the internal female genitalia develop from the paramesonephric ducts?

A

Uterine tubes

Uterus

Superior vagina

Ovaries descend from posterior abdominal wall in a similar manner to the testes

41
Q

The paramesonephric ducts ___ to form the uterus and superior vagina.

A

fuse

42
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Abnormal position of external urethral orifice

43
Q

Which germ layer is the external genitalia of the female formed from?

A

Endoderm

Reproduction Week 3 2018/19 (8 decks)

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