4- Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
What is the definition diabetes?
It is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) & the inability to produce and/or use insulin
What are the 3 types of classification of diabetes?
1.) Prediabetes/bordeline
2.) Type 1 diabetes
3.) Type 2 diabetes
What does the prediabetes/bordeline classification encompass?
It is the metabolic stage between normal glucose & diabetes (high risk for developing diabetes).
What does type 1 diabetes classification encompass?
It is the result from the beta-cell destruction usually leading to defective production of either the autoimmune or idiopathic.
*insulin deficient, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), or juvenile diabetes
What does the type 2 diabetes classification encompass?
When there is a progress loss of beta-cell insulin secretion frequently with insulin resistance.
(They are insulin resistant, non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes)
aka: they produce too little insulin or can’t use their insulin
What is gestational diabetes mellitus?
There are any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy (4% of all pregnancies).
In type II diabetes, what would follow if blood glucose levels continue to rise greater than 22.2mmol/L?
It may follow hyperglycemia
At what blood glucose level would the kidney tubules prevent resorption?
> 8.3mmol/L
What are the signs & symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
Onset symptoms are sudden, and acute often developing over days or weeks.
typical diagnosis made in non-obese children or young adults less 40 years of age
What are the signs & symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
Generally occurs after age 40 & more often affects obese individuals.
What are some early clinical manifestations of Type 1 diabetes?
1.) Polydipsia
2.) Polyuria
3.) Polyphagia
4.) Weight loss
5.) Loss of strength
What are some more dangerous signs of type 1 diabetes?
1.) Numbness or tingling in the feet
2.) Blurred vision
3.) Low blood sugar/hypoglycemia
4.) Loss of consciousness
What is diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes?
they are the high levels of acid in our blood & the other abnormalities resulting in a change in the blood’s pH level.
What is the given life expectancy a person is expected to be given more years of relative to their age & presence of diabetes?
That the younger we are & present diabetes, the more years lost due to diabetes.
What percentage of people with diabetes die as a result of heart disease or stroke?
~80%
What occurs if we cannot produce insuline in Type II diabetes?
The glucose remains in the bloodstream, causing hyperglycemia
Will hyperglycemia result into a medical consultation?
Yes, as it may lead to immediate appointment between patient & physician or to hospitalization.
What encompasses hypoglycemia?
When there is not enough glucose in the bloodstream.
What is observed in a patient with hypoglycemia, & how can we aid a person with hypoglycemia?
Bizzare behavior or changes in personality.
If they are conscious: administer oral carbohydrates & observe the patient after the following administration.
If they are unconscious: Call 911
Why do patients with type 1 diabetes need insulin injections?
So that the body can process blood sugar.
How can an insulin shock arise?
When a patient with diabetes fails to eat in accordance to their given meal plan & continues to take regular insulin injections (leading to an experience of hypoglycemic reactions)
What are the mild symptoms of insulin reactions?
1.) Hunger
2.) Weakness
3.) Tachycardia
4.) Pallor
5.) Sweating
6.) Paresthesia’s
What are the moderate symptoms of insulin reactions?
1.) Incoherence:
- uncooperativeness
- belligerence
- lack of judgment
- poor orientation
What are the severe symptoms of insulin reactions?
1.) Unconsciousness
2.) Tonic or clonic movements
- hypotension
- hypothermia
3.) Rapid pulse
What does the pancreatic islet transplant encompass?
It involves the transfer of healthy insulin-producing cells from a donor into the pancreas of someone with type 1 diabetes.
What are the 4 drug classes used to treat type 2 diabetes?
1.) Insulin sensitizers: oral agent acting in the liver
2.) Insulin secretagogues: oral agent which causes secretion of insulin from the pancreas
3.) any drug slowing the absorption of carbohydrates
4.) Incretins - injectabes increasing release from beta cells in pancreas.
What is metformin?
It is an insulin sensitizer in which actions to suppress hepatic glucose output & gluconeogenesis (lowers blood glucose levels without increasing insulin levels)
What is the pharmacologic advantage of metformin?
Not associated with significant risk of hypoglycemia as it does affect the insulin levels when blood glucose levels are decreasing.
- it works to enhance insulin sensitivity of muscle & fat & hand has weight-neutral effects
What is a normal blood glucose concentration?
~4 to 6mmol/L
How can stress be a contributing factor to patients with diabetes?
Stress can cause the release of epinephrine, which mobilizes glucose from glycogen stored in the liver.
*This can therefore contribute to a hyperglycemic condition becoming ketoacidotic
What are effective ways to manage dental hygiene process of care when it comes to stress & patients with diabetes?
Reduce waiting & treatment time to reduce the stress.
