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355 > 10 - Behavioral & Psychiatric Disorders > Flashcards

10 - Behavioral & Psychiatric Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is mood?

A

It is the positive or negative feelings that are in the background of our everyday experiences?

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2
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

It is a psychological disorder in which the person’s mood negatively influences their physical, perceptual, social, and cognitive processes.

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of mood disorders?

A

1.) Bipolar I disorder
2.) Bipolar II disorder
3.) Major depressive disorder
4.) Persistent depressive disorder

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4
Q

What do Bipolar I disorders encompass?

A

1.) Substance/Medication induced bipolar and related disorder
2.) Bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition

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5
Q

What do Bipolar II disorders encompass?

A

1.) Cyclothymic disorder
2.) Other specified bipolar and related disorder
3.) Unspecified bipolar and related disorder
4.) Unspecified bipolar and related disorder

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6
Q

What encompasses major depressive disorder?

A

1.) Substance/Medication- induced depressive disorder
2.) Depressive disorder due to another medical condition
3.) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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7
Q

What encompasses persistent depressive disorder?

A

1.) Disruptive Mood Regulation Disorder
2.) Other specificed depressive disorder
3.) Unspecified depressive disorder

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8
Q

What is depression?

A

It is a whole-body illness. It is NOT a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed away.

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9
Q

What is the etiology of depression?

A
  • unknown; leading theory is chemical imbalances in the brain
  • has environmental, psychological, and genetic factors that can play a role
  • can be triggered or developed without a clear trigger.
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10
Q

Who is at risk of depression?

A
  • Anyone at any age?
  • Twice as common in women
  • Risk increases with a personal or family history of depression
  • Risk increases with a personal or family history of depression; major life changes, trauma, or stress; and certain physical illnesses and medications.
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of depression?

A
  • Depressed mood all day
  • Marked for loss of interest or pleasure
  • Significant appetite and weight changes
  • Insomnia or hypersomnia
  • Fatigue or loss of energy
  • Psychomotor changes
  • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  • Inability to think/concentrate and indecisveness
  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
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12
Q

What are some of the impacts of depression on daily life?

A

Can affect things like careers, hobbies and relationships.

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13
Q

What are the common depressive disorders?

A

1.) Major depressive disorder
2.) Persistent depressive disorder

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of major depressive disorder?

A
  • Last 2 weeks and known to be rueccurent or single.
  • loss of pleasure and in activities present + 4 severe depression symptoms
  • Distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
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15
Q

What are some characteristics of persistent depressive disorder?

A
  • Aka dysthymia
  • At least 2 years
  • Depressed mood + addition to 2 moderate depression symptoms
    -Chronic symptoms + are never without symptoms for more than a period of 2 months
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16
Q

What is seasonal depression?

A

Mood matching the weather. Sunny in the summer, gloomy in the winter aka seasonal affective disorder.

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17
Q

What are treatments to mood disorders?

A

Psychotherapy + medications or a combination of the two.
A good example are antidepressants; which change the levels of neurotransmitters.

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18
Q

What are examples of antidepressant medications?

A

1.) Tricyclics: triavil
2.) SSRis: Prozac and Zoloft

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19
Q

What is St. John’s Wort for Depression?

A

It is a herbal remedy. It has evidence to fight mild depression, but is ineffective against moderately severe major depression; serotonin syndrome

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20
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A
  • It is a chronic recurring condition that causes cycles of extreme lows (depression) and extreme highs (hypomania or mania)
  • aka manic depression.
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21
Q

What is the etiology of bipolar disorder?

A
  • brain chemicals fluctuating abnormally
  • Environmental, psychological and genetic factors
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22
Q

Who is at risk of bipolar disorder?

A

-Males + females ~ 20-30 years of age
-high risk if family member is diagnosed but not based on genetics.

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23
Q

What encompasses the depressive phase symptoms?

A
  • Major depressive episodes
24
Q

What encompasses the manic phase symptoms?

A
  • Euphoria/irritability, inflated self-confidence, decreased need for sleep, flight of ideas, racing thoughts, distractibility, psychomotor agitation, high social/work/sexual drive, risky behaviors
25
Q

What is the main difference between hypomanic episode and manic episode?

A

Hypomanic lasts atleast 4+ days and presents itself most of the day and is not severe enough to cause a marked impairment.
Manic lasts about 1 week and is present most of the day, nearly every day.

26
Q

What is the average experience of bipolar disorder will an untreated patient undergo?

A

9 affective episodes + each affective episode will last 8 to 9 months

27
Q

How is Bipolar I disorder characterized by?

A
  • Episodes of mania with or without major depression
28
Q

How do we diagnose for Bipolar I Disorder?

A

> = 1 manic episode

29
Q

How is Bipolar II disorder characterized by?

A

Episodes of hypomania and major depression

30
Q

How do we diagnose for Bipolar II Disorder?

A

> = 1 hypomanic episode
= major depressivee episode

31
Q

What are some of the implications of Bipolar disorder?

A
  • Substance use; may be used to relieve symptoms of mood swings
  • Suicide 10 to 20 more times likely to die by suicide than people without the illness
32
Q

What are the treatments used for bipolar disorder?

A

Mood stabilizers:
e.g: Lithium, which aims to smooth out up and down cycles
Side effects: low thyroid function, indigestion, joint paint.

33
Q

What can be used to treat manic episodes?

A

Antipsychotics

34
Q

What are some oral manifestations and dental considerations for mood disorder?

A
  • lack of oral hygiene = during deep depressive episodes
  • Salivary flow is reduced due to medications
  • Increased rate of dental caries + periodontitis
  • Glossodynia, stomatitis, facial pains
  • use of epinephrine
35
Q

What is fear?

A

emotional response to real or perceive imminent threat

36
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Anticipation of future threat: our brain’s way of reacting to stress and altering us of potential danger

37
Q

What are anxiety disorders?

A

They are disorders that share features of excessive anxiety and fear related behavioural disturbances. Could be involved with: internal psychological conflict, environmental stress, physical disease state or medicine drug effects.

38
Q

What are the types of anxiety disorders?

A

1.) Phobias
2.) Panic disorder/attacks
3.) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

39
Q

What are phobias?

A

They are an irrational fear that interferes with normal behavior. A fear of specific objects, situations, or experiences that have a meaning to the patient.

40
Q

What are the 3 major groups of phobias?

A

1.) Agoraphobia
2.) Social
3.) Specific

41
Q

What kind of fear does agoraphobia encompass?

A

Fear of being outside + in a situation in where they cannot escape humiliation.

42
Q

What kind of fear does social phobia have?

A

aka social anxiety disorder: extremely intrusive and excessive fear of embarrassment in social situations (fear of public speaking)

43
Q

What is a specific phobia?

A

Lasting and unreasonable fear caused by the presence or thought of a specific object (heights, flying, darkness etc.)

44
Q

What is dental phobia?

A

Extremely anxiety than the usual when attending visits to the dental office. Fear could be triggered by, sound of drills, injections in needles.

45
Q

What is a panic disorder?

A

When you go through repeated panic attacks. This is typically increased with adrenergic surges (fight or flight) in which people can develop agoraphobia

46
Q

How long do panic disorder typically last?

A

10 minutes ans usually for about 20 to 30 minutes.

47
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

A
  • It is persistent and diffuse anxiety. The signs and symptoms include motor tension, autonomic hyperactivity, and apprehension. Typically better outcome than panic disorders; however persistent anxiety may lead to depression and substance use.
48
Q

What is OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) ?

A

Individuals having problems with:
Obsession: uncontrollable recurring thoughts, urges, or images
+
Compulsions: repetitive and ritualistic behaviours: sense of urgency or dreading if they don’t perform these compulsions.

49
Q

What is post-traumatic stress disorder?

A

It is a condition where psycho-physiologic signs and symptoms occur after exposure to a traumatic event.
e.g: Intrusive thoughts, dreams, flashbacks etc.

*Onset occurs atleast 6 months after trauma + disorder longer than 3 months

50
Q

What is acute stress disorders?

A

It develops after exposure to a traumatic event, and specific signs and symptoms resemble those of PTSD. Symptomatic reactions is limited to the point and time of the stressful event and its immediate aftermath.

*Onset is short lived and emerge more rapidly after the trauma

51
Q

What are the 3 treatments for fear and anxiety related disorders?

A

1.) Psychological
2.) Behavioural
3.) Medications.

52
Q

What does the psychological treatment involve in fear and anxiety?

A

Psychotherapy: used in more severe cases (talk therapy)

53
Q

What does the behavioural treatment involve in fear and anxiety?

A

Exposure therapy: most effective form of therapy for anxiety disorder

54
Q

What are some examples of medications used for fear and anxiety?

A
  • Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - Antidepressants
  • Beta-blockers - to reduce blood pressure
  • Antihistamines - help sleep
  • benzodiazepines - treat anxiety
55
Q

What are some oral manifestations of stress and related disorders?

A
  • TMJ dysfunction
  • Myofascial pain
    -Geographic tongue
  • Lichen planus
  • Aphthous ulcers
56
Q

What are some dental considerations related to pain and stress control protocols for anxious patients?

A
  • Post-op control on appropriate drug
  • Provide anesthesia; local, oral sedation, sedation via inhalation, intramuscular, or IV
57
Q

What are eating disorders?

A

Illnesses are characterized by disturbances of eating and related to behaviors impairing the physical health. Have highest mortality rate.

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