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10 - Behavioral & Psychiatric Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is mood?

A

It is the positive or negative feelings that are in the background of our everyday experiences?

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2
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

It is a psychological disorder in which the person’s mood negatively influences their physical, perceptual, social, and cognitive processes.

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of mood disorders?

A

1.) Bipolar I disorder
2.) Bipolar II disorder
3.) Major depressive disorder
4.) Persistent depressive disorder

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4
Q

What do Bipolar I disorders encompass?

A

1.) Substance/Medication induced bipolar and related disorder
2.) Bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition

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5
Q

What do Bipolar II disorders encompass?

A

1.) Cyclothymic disorder
2.) Other specified bipolar and related disorder
3.) Unspecified bipolar and related disorder
4.) Unspecified bipolar and related disorder

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6
Q

What encompasses major depressive disorder?

A

1.) Substance/Medication- induced depressive disorder
2.) Depressive disorder due to another medical condition
3.) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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7
Q

What encompasses persistent depressive disorder?

A

1.) Disruptive Mood Regulation Disorder
2.) Other specificed depressive disorder
3.) Unspecified depressive disorder

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8
Q

What is depression?

A

It is a whole-body illness. It is NOT a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed away.

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9
Q

What is the etiology of depression?

A
  • unknown; leading theory is chemical imbalances in the brain
  • has environmental, psychological, and genetic factors that can play a role
  • can be triggered or developed without a clear trigger.
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10
Q

Who is at risk of depression?

A
  • Anyone at any age?
  • Twice as common in women
  • Risk increases with a personal or family history of depression
  • Risk increases with a personal or family history of depression; major life changes, trauma, or stress; and certain physical illnesses and medications.
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of depression?

A
  • Depressed mood all day
  • Marked for loss of interest or pleasure
  • Significant appetite and weight changes
  • Insomnia or hypersomnia
  • Fatigue or loss of energy
  • Psychomotor changes
  • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  • Inability to think/concentrate and indecisveness
  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
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12
Q

What are some of the impacts of depression on daily life?

A

Can affect things like careers, hobbies and relationships.

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13
Q

What are the common depressive disorders?

A

1.) Major depressive disorder
2.) Persistent depressive disorder

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of major depressive disorder?

A
  • Last 2 weeks and known to be rueccurent or single.
  • loss of pleasure and in activities present + 4 severe depression symptoms
  • Distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
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15
Q

What are some characteristics of persistent depressive disorder?

A
  • Aka dysthymia
  • At least 2 years
  • Depressed mood + addition to 2 moderate depression symptoms
    -Chronic symptoms + are never without symptoms for more than a period of 2 months
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16
Q

What is seasonal depression?

A

Mood matching the weather. Sunny in the summer, gloomy in the winter aka seasonal affective disorder.

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17
Q

What are treatments to mood disorders?

A

Psychotherapy + medications or a combination of the two.
A good example are antidepressants; which change the levels of neurotransmitters.

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18
Q

What are examples of antidepressant medications?

A

1.) Tricyclics: triavil
2.) SSRis: Prozac and Zoloft

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19
Q

What is St. John’s Wort for Depression?

A

It is a herbal remedy. It has evidence to fight mild depression, but is ineffective against moderately severe major depression; serotonin syndrome

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20
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A
  • It is a chronic recurring condition that causes cycles of extreme lows (depression) and extreme highs (hypomania or mania)
  • aka manic depression.
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21
Q

What is the etiology of bipolar disorder?

A
  • brain chemicals fluctuating abnormally
  • Environmental, psychological and genetic factors
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22
Q

Who is at risk of bipolar disorder?

A

-Males + females ~ 20-30 years of age
-high risk if family member is diagnosed but not based on genetics.

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23
Q

What encompasses the depressive phase symptoms?

A
  • Major depressive episodes
24
Q

What encompasses the manic phase symptoms?

A
  • Euphoria/irritability, inflated self-confidence, decreased need for sleep, flight of ideas, racing thoughts, distractibility, psychomotor agitation, high social/work/sexual drive, risky behaviors
25
What is the main difference between hypomanic episode and manic episode?
Hypomanic lasts atleast 4+ days and presents itself most of the day and is not severe enough to cause a marked impairment. Manic lasts about 1 week and is present most of the day, nearly every day.
26
What is the average experience of bipolar disorder will an untreated patient undergo?
9 affective episodes + each affective episode will last 8 to 9 months
27
How is Bipolar I disorder characterized by?
- Episodes of mania with or without major depression
28
How do we diagnose for Bipolar I Disorder?
>= 1 manic episode
29
How is Bipolar II disorder characterized by?
Episodes of hypomania and major depression
30
How do we diagnose for Bipolar II Disorder?
>= 1 hypomanic episode >= major depressivee episode
31
What are some of the implications of Bipolar disorder?
- Substance use; may be used to relieve symptoms of mood swings - Suicide 10 to 20 more times likely to die by suicide than people without the illness
32
What are the treatments used for bipolar disorder?
Mood stabilizers: e.g: Lithium, which aims to smooth out up and down cycles Side effects: low thyroid function, indigestion, joint paint.
33
What can be used to treat manic episodes?
Antipsychotics
34
What are some oral manifestations and dental considerations for mood disorder?
- lack of oral hygiene = during deep depressive episodes - Salivary flow is reduced due to medications - Increased rate of dental caries + periodontitis - Glossodynia, stomatitis, facial pains - use of epinephrine
35
What is fear?
emotional response to real or perceive imminent threat
36
What is anxiety?
Anticipation of future threat: our brain's way of reacting to stress and altering us of potential danger
37
What are anxiety disorders?
They are disorders that share features of excessive anxiety and fear related behavioural disturbances. Could be involved with: internal psychological conflict, environmental stress, physical disease state or medicine drug effects.
38
What are the types of anxiety disorders?
1.) Phobias 2.) Panic disorder/attacks 3.) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
39
What are phobias?
They are an irrational fear that interferes with normal behavior. A fear of specific objects, situations, or experiences that have a meaning to the patient.
40
What are the 3 major groups of phobias?
1.) Agoraphobia 2.) Social 3.) Specific
41
What kind of fear does agoraphobia encompass?
Fear of being outside + in a situation in where they cannot escape humiliation.
42
What kind of fear does social phobia have?
aka social anxiety disorder: extremely intrusive and excessive fear of embarrassment in social situations (fear of public speaking)
43
What is a specific phobia?
Lasting and unreasonable fear caused by the presence or thought of a specific object (heights, flying, darkness etc.)
44
What is dental phobia?
Extremely anxiety than the usual when attending visits to the dental office. Fear could be triggered by, sound of drills, injections in needles.
45
What is a panic disorder?
When you go through repeated panic attacks. This is typically increased with adrenergic surges (fight or flight) in which people can develop agoraphobia
46
How long do panic disorder typically last?
10 minutes ans usually for about 20 to 30 minutes.
47
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
- It is persistent and diffuse anxiety. The signs and symptoms include motor tension, autonomic hyperactivity, and apprehension. Typically better outcome than panic disorders; however persistent anxiety may lead to depression and substance use.
48
What is OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) ?
Individuals having problems with: Obsession: uncontrollable recurring thoughts, urges, or images + Compulsions: repetitive and ritualistic behaviours: sense of urgency or dreading if they don't perform these compulsions.
49
What is post-traumatic stress disorder?
It is a condition where psycho-physiologic signs and symptoms occur after exposure to a traumatic event. e.g: Intrusive thoughts, dreams, flashbacks etc. *Onset occurs atleast 6 months after trauma + disorder longer than 3 months
50
What is acute stress disorders?
It develops after exposure to a traumatic event, and specific signs and symptoms resemble those of PTSD. Symptomatic reactions is limited to the point and time of the stressful event and its immediate aftermath. *Onset is short lived and emerge more rapidly after the trauma
51
What are the 3 treatments for fear and anxiety related disorders?
1.) Psychological 2.) Behavioural 3.) Medications.
52
What does the psychological treatment involve in fear and anxiety?
Psychotherapy: used in more severe cases (talk therapy)
53
What does the behavioural treatment involve in fear and anxiety?
Exposure therapy: most effective form of therapy for anxiety disorder
54
What are some examples of medications used for fear and anxiety?
- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - Antidepressants - Beta-blockers - to reduce blood pressure - Antihistamines - help sleep - benzodiazepines - treat anxiety
55
What are some oral manifestations of stress and related disorders?
- TMJ dysfunction - Myofascial pain -Geographic tongue - Lichen planus - Aphthous ulcers
56
What are some dental considerations related to pain and stress control protocols for anxious patients?
- Post-op control on appropriate drug - Provide anesthesia; local, oral sedation, sedation via inhalation, intramuscular, or IV
57
What are eating disorders?
Illnesses are characterized by disturbances of eating and related to behaviors impairing the physical health. Have highest mortality rate.

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