4. Chemical bonding and structure

Question 1

Cations

Answer 1

Positive ions that are formed when atoms (usually of metallic elements) lose electron(s)

Question 2

Anions

Answer 2

Negative ions that are formed when atoms (usually of non-metallic elements) gain electron(s)

Question 3

Ionic bonding

Answer 3

The electrostatic attraction between oppositely-charged ions in a chemical compound

Question 4

Covalent bond

Answer 4

The electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the atoms making up the bond

Question 5

Lewis Structure

Answer 5

Diagrams showing all the valence (outer shell) electrons in a molecule

Question 6

Octet rule

Answer 6

The tendency of an atom (exception of H) in a molecule/ion to have 8 electrons in its outer shell

Question 7

Resonance structure

Answer 7

Placement of double bond in same molecule/ion is different

Question 8

Polar bond

Answer 8

When two atoms have different electronegativities

Question 9

London forces

Answer 9

Intermolecular forces between non-polar molecules

Question 10

Dipole-dipole forces

Answer 10

Intermolecular forces between polar molecules

Question 11

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 11

Occurs between molecules if they contain an H joined directly to a very electronegative atom (N, O or F) with a lone pair

Question 12

Metallic bonding

Answer 12

Electrostatic attraction between the positive ions in the lattice and the delocalised electrons

Question 13

Hybridisation

Answer 13

The mixing of atomic orbitals (s and p) on a particular atom to produce a new set of orbitals that have both s and p character and are better arranged in space for covalent bonding

Question 14

Delocalisation

Answer 14

The sharing of a pair of electrons between three or more atoms