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Psychology BC Unit 3 > 4- Central Nervous System > Flashcards

4- Central Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main nervous systems

A

Central and Peripheral

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2
Q

What is the CNS divided into?

A

The brain and spinal chord

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the brain in the CNS

A

Organises, integrates and interprets information

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4
Q

What is the function of the spinal chord in the CNS

A

Connects brain and peripheral nerves

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5
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The layer of the Brain that is outer most
It is:
-2mm thick
-convoluted, only 1/3 is viable due to this
-if flattened would cover 4pages

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6
Q

What are the functions of the cerebral cortex

A

Information processing functions such as

  • language
  • perception
  • learning
  • memory
  • planning and control of voluntary movement
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7
Q

What does size of cerebral cortex indicate?

A

It is believed to be related to intellectual ability

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8
Q

What parts are the cerebral cortex split up into?

A

Primary sensory areas
Primary motor areas
Association areas

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9
Q

What is the job of the sensory areas?

A

Toreceive and process information from our different senses

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10
Q

What is the job of the motor areas?

A

To receive, process and send information about voluntary bodily movements

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11
Q

What is the job of the association areas?

A

To receive and integrate sensory, motor and other information and are involved in the more complex mental abilities.

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12
Q

What is the cerebral cortexes two halves known as?

A

Cerebral hemispheres, left and right

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13
Q

Define cerebral hemispheres

A

Two almost symmetrical brain structures that appear to be separated by a deep grove know as the longitudinal fissure from the front to the back of the brain.

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14
Q

What is the hemispheric swap?

A

The quality of the cerebral hemispheres that allows the left side of the brain to control and sense the right side of he body, and the right side of the brain to control and sense the right side of the body.

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15
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum ?

A

The bundle of nerve tissue that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and serves as the main communication between the two

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16
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

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17
Q

Basic Job of each of the cerebral cortexes lobes

A

Frontal- movement
Parietal- somatosensory (body and skin)
Occipital- visual
Temporal- auditory

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18
Q

What cortical areas do each of the lobes fit into (sensory, motor, and association areas)

A 
Sensory
-primary Somatosensory cortex (parietal)
-primary Auditory cortex (temporal)
-primary Visual cortex (occipital)
Motor
-primary motor cortex (frontal)
Association areas
Found in each of the lobes
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19
Q

What is the functioning of the frontal lobe?

A 
Personality
Emotion
Movement
Abstract thinking and decision making
Planning, problem solving and judgement
Impulse control
Planning and control of voluntary motor movements
Language (through Broca's area)
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20
Q

Where is the frontal lobe

A

The front of the brain, behind the forehead.

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21
Q

What is the primary motor cortex?

A

The primary association area of the frontal lobe. It is involved in the control and voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.

22
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

The back of the frontal lobe

23
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

An area of the brain that controls the muscular movement of the mouth muscles.
It has a crucial role in the production of articulate speech, that is, clear and fluent speech.

24
Q

Where is the Broca’s area located?

A

The middle bottom of the frontal lobe, bottom next to the motor cortex.

25
Q

Recap, Broca’s area

A
  1. It is involved in coordinating movements of the muscles required for speech
  2. It supply’s the information to the appropriate motor cortex areas
  3. Broca’s area is also linked to and interacts with the meaning of words and the structure of sentences
  4. Broca’s area is involved with specific parts of speech, such as predispositions, adjectives and conjunctions,
  5. Also involved in understanding grammatical structures of a sentence (either read OR heard) in order to extract aspects of meaning that depend on that grammatical structure
26
Q

Who is Phineas Gage

A

A construction worker involved in a accident that resulted in a pole being shot into his cheek and frontal lobe of the brain. Eventually his friends noticed that his personality was fading and he was turning more impatient, rude and impulsive. This case study is used to demonstrate the frontal lobes control of personality.

27
Q

Where is the parietal lobe?

A

The back top of the brain (behind the frontal lobe)

28
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

A sense of touch
Motion detection in the environment around you
Location of objects in the space around you
The ability to perceive things in a 3D way, such as 3D images and shapes
The parietal lobe is being used when you are multiplying in your head and visualize the equation or solution

29
Q

What is the somatosensory cortex

A

The association area of the parietal lobe, it receives and processes information from the skin and body enabling us to perceive bodily sensations.

30
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

The front of the parietal lobe, directly next to the primary motor cortex

31
Q

What is homunculus?

A

A ‘disfigured’ humanoid, it demonstrates the neuron density in areas of the body. Therefore shows how large an area it occupies on the somatosensory cortex.

32
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located?

A

The bottom middle of the brain (below the frontal and temporal lobes, in front of the occipital)

33
Q

What is the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

auditory, language and hearing comprehension
Speaking coherently and understanding speech
Memory, holds memory of visual perception and memory formation (linked with the hippocampus)

34
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex?

A

The association area of the temporal lobe, receives and processes information from both ears.

35
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

Top of the temporal lobe between the two the primary cortexes of the frontal and parietal lobes.

36
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

It the the second language area of the brain, it is involved with production of speech however it has a larger role in comprehension of speech, specifically isolating, and interpreting the sounds involved in human speech.

37
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Behind the primary auditory cortex below the somatosensory cortex.

38
Q

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

The lobe involved with visual stimuli

  • processing visual information such as seeing colours
  • perceiving and recognising objects
  • hemispheric swap with visual fields not with individual eyes
39
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located?

A

Back of the brain behind each of the other lobes (behind the eyes)

39
Q

What is the primary visual cortex?

A

The association area of the occipital lobe, it receives and processes visual information.

40
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

The bottom back of the brain

41
Q

What is hemispheric specialisation?

A

The dominance or particular control of each hemisphere over particular functions

42
Q

What is the hemispheric specialisation of the left side of the brain?

A

Verbal/Analytical

  • Receives and processes information from the right side of the body
  • Verbal tasks: speech production, comprehension and reading and writing
  • Analytical tasks: maths, problem solving, evaluation.
  • Logical reasoning
  • Analytical functions: looking at parts and how they work as a whole.
43
Q

What is the hemispheric specialisation of the right side of the brain?

A

Non-Verbal

  • Receives and processes information from the left side of the body
  • Processing whole rather than bits
  • Spatial and Visual thinking
  • Creativity and fantasy
  • Art and music appreciation
  • Recognising emotions
  • Holistic approach: seeing the whole
44
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A cable like column of nerve fibres that extends from the base of the brain stem to the lower back.

45
Q

What are the major functions of the spinal cord

A

1-To receive sensory information from the peripheral neurons (via the afferent neurons) and transmit this information to the brain.
2-To receive information from the Brain and relay it to the body (via the efferent neurons) to control muscles, glands and internal organs

46
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Special cell that are responsible for detecting changes in the internal and external environment, then organising and integrating and organising this information and responding to these changes

47
Q

What are the three types of neuron and what do they do?

A

Motor- controls muscles
Inter- connects the other two
Sensory- detects stimuli

48
Q

On the spine how are neurons split up

A

Afferent from the PNS to the brain

Efferent to the PNS from the brain

49
Q

What are the main structures of the neuron?

A

Dendrites: receive information from other cells or directly from their environment
Cell body/Soma: contains the nucleus and keeps the cell alive
Axon: carries the signal throughout the neuron
Myelin sheath: insulates the axon increasing the speed of transmission
Axon terminals: connect the neuron to other cells
Terminal/synaptic buttons: release neurotransmitters to communicate with the next cell, WITHOUT actually touching the next cell.

50
Q

What is the other name for a sensory neuron?

What is the other name for a motor neuron?

A

Receptors/Afferent neurons

Effectors/Efferent neurons

51
Q

What is aphasia?

A

refers to a language disorder apparent in speech (comprehension or production), writing or reading caused by injury to brain areas specialised for these functions.

Psychology BC Unit 3 (9 decks)

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