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Biology of Cells > 4. Cell Architecture > Flashcards

4. Cell Architecture Flashcards

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1
Q

Name functions (6) of the cytoscaffold?

A
  • Cell polarity.
  • Chromosome movement.
  • Shape.
  • Strength.
  • Anchoring.
  • Motility.
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2
Q

What kind of cell movement (5) does the cytoscaffold facilitate?

A
  • Crawling.
  • Chemokinesis.
  • Chemotaxis.
  • Endocytosis.
  • Exocytosis.
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3
Q

What does CHEMOKINESIS mean?

A

Increased nondirectional activity of cells due to the presence of a chemical.

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4
Q

What does CHEMOTAXIS mean?

A

Organised/directional movement in response to chemical.

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5
Q

What are the types (3) of cytoscaffolds?

A
  • Microtubules.
  • Microfilaments.
  • Intermediate filaments.
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6
Q

How many strands (protofilaments) do INTERMEDIATE filaments contain?

A

8

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7
Q

What proteins do INTERMEDIATE filaments contain?

A
  • Keratin.
  • Vimentin.
  • Desmin.
  • Lamins.
  • GFAP.
  • Neurofilament.
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8
Q

What is KERATIN?

A

A scleroprotein that forms intermediate filaments.

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9
Q

What is a SCLEROPROTEIN?

A

Protein characterized by its insoluble structure - is not degraded by hydrolytic enzymes.

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10
Q

What is a HYDROLYTIC enzyme?

A

Catalysis hydrolysis.

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11
Q

What is VIMENTIN?

A

A protein that co-polymerizes with other subunits (desmin) to form the intermediate filaments.

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12
Q

What is DESMIN?

A

A protein that co-polymerizes with other subunits (vementin) to form the intermediate filaments.

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13
Q

What is GFAP?

A

Glial fibrillary acidic protein - accessory protein of Intermediate filaments.

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14
Q

What is LAMIN?

A

A protein that forms intermediate filaments.

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15
Q

What is NEUROFILAMENT?

A

Element that forms a neural fibril intermediate filament.

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16
Q

What is the diameter of a intermediate filament?

A

10 nanometres.

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17
Q

How are MICROFILAMENTS formed?

A

Treadmilling.

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18
Q

What does TAU PROTEIN do?

A

Regulates microtubules.

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19
Q

What do TAU AGGREGATES cause?

A

HYPER-phosphorylation > can lead to altzeimers.

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20
Q

What forms a MICROTUBULE dimer?

A

Alpha and beta tubulin sub-units.

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21
Q

Which type of cytoscafold forms parts of the AXONEME?

A

MICROTUBULE.

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22
Q

What type of cytoscafold is responsible for spindle formation?

A

MICROTUBULIN

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23
Q

How many strands (protofilaments) do MICROTUBULES contain?

A

13

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24
Q

What kind of axonal transport are there?

A
  • ANTEROGRADE.
  • RETROGRADE.
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25
Q

What motor protein is responsible for RETROGRADE axonal transport?

A

KINESIN

26
Q

What motor protein is responsible for RETROGRADE axonal transport?

A

DYNEIN

27
Q

What processes is KINESIN important for?

A
  • Microtubule formation.
  • Mitosis.
28
Q

What is the SLIDING TUBULE MECHANISM?

A

Actin and myosin filaments slide in and out between each other to form a muscle contraction.

29
Q

What is the function of NEXIN (protein) LINKS?

A

Preventing microtubules in axonemes from movement.

30
Q

What is the 9+2 formation?

A

The formation of microtubule doublets in an axoneme.

31
Q

What causes movement in CILIA and FLAGELLA?

A

Sliding tubule mechanism.

32
Q

What is the monomer of a MICROFILAMENT?

A

GLOBULAR ACTIN

33
Q

Which cytoscafold protein complex is required for cell movement?

A

MICROFILAMENTS

34
Q

Which cytoscaffold protein complex has a contractile nature?

A

MICROFILAMENTS

35
Q

What (2) ways can MICROFILAMENTS be arranged?

A
  • Parallel bundles.
  • Criss-cross.
36
Q

What are the (3) possible modifications that can be made to a cytoscafold protein complex?

A
  • Cross-Links.
  • Cutting.
  • Binding Proteins.
37
Q

How many strands (protofilaments) do MICROFILAMENTS contain?

A

7

38
Q

What is required for membranes to fuse?

A

GTP energy

39
Q

What is GTP?

A

Guanasine triphosphate.

40
Q

What processes does GTP provide energy for?

A
  • Transcription.
  • Translation.
  • Membrane fusion.
41
Q

How does snake venom work?

A

It is a PHOSPHOLIPASE > destroys the link between fatty acid tails.

42
Q

What is a GLYCOCALYX?

A

Glycoprotein, polysaccharide surrounding bacteria and some epithelial surfaces.

43
Q

What is the importance of CHOLESTEROL within a plasma membrane?

A

Keeps membranes fluid (acts like a temp and pH buffer)

44
Q

What percentage of the plasma membrane is cholesterol?

A

20%

45
Q

What is a CYTOKINE?

A

Intercellular mediators of immune responses.

46
Q

Name the (5) different types of CYTOKINE?

A
  • Chemokine.
  • Interferon.
  • Interleukine.
  • Lymphokine.
  • Tumour necrosis factor.
47
Q

What does CHEMOKINE mean?

A

Group of small cytokines with the ability to induce chemotaxis or chemokinesis.

48
Q

What does TRANSLOCATION mean?

A

Change of location.

49
Q

What does INTRALUMINAL mean?

A

Within lumen of tube.

50
Q

What are LEUKOCYTES?

A

White blood cells.

51
Q

What is ACTIN?

A

Contractile protein filament, containing ‘active’ or ‘binding’ sites.

52
Q

What are the (4) motility processes?

A
  • Gel-sol transitions.
  • Lamelipodial extentions.
  • Actin-myosin interactions.
  • Focal adhesions.
53
Q

What are MYOSIN 1?

A

Motor protein for moving membranes.

54
Q

What is MYOSIN 2?

A

Motor protein for muscle contractions.

55
Q

What is INTEGRIN?

A

Transmembrane proteins involved in cell adhesion, motility and in signal transmission.

56
Q

What is FIBRONECTIN?

A

Glycoprotein that connects INTEGRIN to the ECM.

57
Q

What is a MYOFIBRIL?

A

Cylindrical organelle running the length of the muscle fibre, containing Actin and Myosin filaments.

58
Q

What is a SARCOMERE?

A

Functional unit of the Myofibril, divided into bands (I, A and H)

59
Q

What is TROPOMYOSIN?

A

Actin-binding protein which regulates muscle contraction.

60
Q

What is TROPONIN?

A

A complex of three proteins, attached to Tropomyosin.

61
Q

What are MYOSINS?

A

Motor proteins, containing MYOSIN HEADS.

62
Q

What is the RATCHET MECHANISM?

A

Repeated pulling of the actin over the myosin during muscle contraction.

Biology of Cells (6 decks)

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