15. Hormones

Question 1

How many humans post-mortem posess pituitory tumours?

Answer 1

1/6

Question 2

What are features of an endocrine gland (3)?

Answer 2

• Highly vascularised.
• Highly organised.
• Many mitochondria.

Question 3

What structures are classed as endocrine glands (12)?

Answer 3

• Pineal.
• Pituitory.
• Hypothalamus.
• Thyroid.
• Parathyroid.
• Adrenals.
• Testis.
• Ovaries.
• Skin.
• Fat.
• Bone.

Question 4

What is a hormone?

Answer 4

A substance secreted into the blood by specialized cells in response to a stimulus.

Question 5

What was the first hormone identified?

Answer 5

Secretin - regulates secretions from intestine.

Question 6

What is a neurocrine hormone?

Answer 6

Hormone released into synaptic cleft adjacent to where the neurone contacts the target cell.

Question 7

What are the 4 main groups of hormones?

Answer 7

• Peptide.
• Steroid.
• Tyrozine derivatives.
• Eicosanoids.

Question 8

What are peptide hormones synthesized from?

Answer 8

Amino acids.

Question 9

What size are peptide hormones?

Answer 9

Variable.

Question 10

Give examples of peptide hormones?

Answer 10

Thyrotropin releasing hormone. Gonadotrophin releasing hormone.

Question 11

What size are glycoprotein peptide hormones?

Answer 11

Large molecules.

Question 12

Give examples of glycoprotein peptide hormones?

Answer 12

Gonadotrophins from the anterior pituitory: Leutenising hormone. Follicle stimulating hormone.

Question 13

Where are steroid hormones synthesized?

Answer 13

* Adrenal cortex. * Testis. * Ovary. * Placenta.

Question 14

What are adrenalin, noradrenaline, dopamine and the thyroid hormones derived from?

Answer 14

Tyrozine.

Question 15

What are the thyroid hormones?

Answer 15

Thyroxine. Triodothyronine.

Question 16

Name some lipid insoluble hormones - do not enter cells?

Answer 16

* Adrenaline. * Noradrenaline. * Dopamine.

Question 17

Are the thyroid hormones lipid soluble?

Answer 17

Yes.

Question 18

What are the 2 types of eicosanoid messengers?

Answer 18

Prostaglandins. Leukotrienes.

Question 19

What kind of hormone is the growth hormone?

Answer 19

Peptide.

Question 20

What happens when growth hormone is activated?

Answer 20

Receptor and protein phosphorylation and downstream signalling cascades.

Question 21

What kind of receptor is the growth hormone receptor?

Answer 21

Cell-surface.

Question 22

What is IGF?

Answer 22

Insulin growth factor.

Question 23

What stimulates the production of IGF in the liver?

Answer 23

Growth hormone.

Question 24

Name 2 lipid soluble hormones ?

Answer 24

* Thyroxine. * Triiodothyronine.

Question 25

What kind of receptor is the thyroid hormone receptor?

Answer 25

Intracellular - member of the nuclear receptor family.

Question 26

What happens when triiodothyronine and the thyroide hormone receptor bind?

Answer 26

Formation of homo or hetero-dimers.

Question 27

What are the gonadotrophins?

Answer 27

Leutenising hormone. Follicle stimulating hormone.

Question 28

Where do the gonadotrophins bind?

Answer 28

G-protein coupled receptors at cell surface of gonadal cells.

Question 29

What is steroidogenesis?

Answer 29

Biological synthesis of steroids.

Question 30

What is the function of a hormone?

Answer 30

Regulate the activity of it’s target cells in a specific manner.

Question 31

What is important for endocrine glands to maintain their function?

Answer 31

Receive constant rapid information about the state of systems being regulated.