4 | Building words

Question 1

Tip-of-the-tongue

Answer 1

There is some evidence that accessing a word from the mental dictionary is not an all-or-nothing experience

One source of such evidence is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Can often put together parts of the desired word, but not the whole

We know how many syllables and the grammatical gender of the word as well

Question 2

Inflectional morphology

Answer 2

Stranding errors is when a word ending is included when it shouldn’t be
- Shows that the word stem and the word ending is
separated at some point

The interpretation of stranding errors suggests that the affixed form is constructed during speech production

Stranding errors typically involve grammatical endings, known as inflections

Question 3

Derivational morphology

Answer 3

Derivational morphology involves the construction of new words from base forms

In english, derivations can include both prefixes and suffixes

Stores cat as a word and cats as a different grammatical category, not a different word

Question 4

Productivity

Answer 4

Some affix errors involve both inflectional and derivational endings.

They are not as distinct as first believed

Production affixes are the affixes that are most likely to be used on novel words or when a new word is coined in the language and inflected or derived forms are based on this
- er or -ed for example

Question 5

Morphology and lexical stress errors

Answer 5

Lexical stress errors:
Are errors where the correct word has been produced, but with the wrong stress pattern

Stress patterns in a word might create a lexical stress error in morphologically related words

Question 6

Syllable structure & Errors

Answer 6

Onset

Rhyme:

• Peak
• Koda

Peaks exchange with other peaks

Coda consonants swap with other coda consonants

Onset consonants exchange with other onset consonants (Spoonerism)

Question 7

Phonetic similarity

Answer 7

Third constraint is there is a strong tendency for the sounds involved in the sound error to be phonetically similar and come from phonetically similar contexts

Question 8

Slots and fillers

Answer 8

Words are lined up for production and similarly sounding words might be mixed

Question 9

Real word bias

Answer 9

We tend to make more real world errors than non-word errors, that might be cause we miss perceive the non-word as a real word since it does not make sense

Question 10

Ambiguous errors

Answer 10

Errors might be a speech error or a word error, or both, but they are hard to distinguish

Question 11

Tongue twisters

Answer 11

Tongue twisters are used to induce speech errors

Errors are more likely between two sounds that both begin stressed syllables

• Stativ, stakit, kasket