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A Level Psychology > 4 - Attachments > Flashcards

4 - Attachments Flashcards

1
Q

What is caregiverese?

A

adults who interact with infants using a modified form a vocal language which is high-pitched & song- like, slow & repetitive

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2
Q

Define bodily contact.

A

act of touching physically

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3
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

infants move their bodies in ryhtm with cares spoken language

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4
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

interactions between carers & infants results in mutual behaviour

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5
Q

What are the 5 types of caregiver-infant interactions?

A
  1. bodily contact
  2. mimicking
  3. caregiverese
  4. interactional synchrony
  5. reciprocity
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6
Q

What did Codon & Sander find out about interactional synchrony?

A

babies would coordiante their actions in time with adult speech, taking turns to contribute to the conservation

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7
Q

What was Murray & Travrthen’s basis of their experiment into interactional synchrony?

A

deliberately interfered with this interaction turn-taking by getting mothers to adopt a ‘frozen face’ expression with their babies

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8
Q

What were the results of the Murray & Travrthen ‘frozen face’ experiment?

A
  • babies showed serious distress by turning away from their mother’s face
  • made attempts to draw the mother back into interaction
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9
Q

By making deliberate attempts to draw mother back into interaction, what does this suggest about the infant?

A

infant is an active and intentional partner in communication

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10
Q

Define attachment.

A

special bond between a caregiver & a child, which can cause separation anxiety when 2 individuals are not together

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11
Q

What are the 4 stages of attachements?

A
  1. Pre-attachment
  2. Indiscriminate
  3. Discriminate
  4. Multiple
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12
Q

When does the pre-attachment stage form?

A

6 weeks

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13
Q

When does the indiscriminate stage form?

A

from 6 weeks - 6 months

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14
Q

When does the discriminate stage form?

A

7 months

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15
Q

When does the mutiple attachments stage form?

A

at 9 months

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16
Q

What happens at the pre-attachment stage? What is evidence for this?

A

infants aren’t biased to a particular human, but do prefer human-like stimuli -

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17
Q

What happens during the indiscriminate attachment stage? What is evidence for this?

A

Babies become more sociable & can tell people apart - Schaffer & Emerson found that infants did not show a fear of strangers

18
Q

What happens during the discriminate attachment stage?

A

infant begins to show separation anxiety & protests, usually crying, when their primary attachmnt figure leaves. also begins to show fear of strangers

19
Q

What happens during the multiple attachments stage?

A

infant begins to make multiple attachments towards friends, grandparents, childminders etc.

20
Q

Who came up with the 4 stages of attachment?

A

Schaffer & Emerson

21
Q

What was Schaffer & Emersons’ study into the Stages of Attachments?

A
  • studied 60 babies from Glasgow at monthly intervals for first 18 months of life
  • studied in their own home & regular pattern was identified in development of attachment
  • infants’ interactions with carers observed & what happened when carer left
22
Q

What are 2 strengths of Schaffer & Emerson’s study?

A
  1. naturalistic observation - real life look at way infants respond to caregiver
  2. longitudinal - not just a snapshot of infant behaviour as infants followed for 18 months
23
Q

What are 3 weaknesses of Schaffer & Emerson’s study?

A
  1. low internal validity (social desirability bias) - parents may have given untruthful responses in interviews to appear to be a good parent
  2. small sample size - may only study infants from one area where certain parenting techniques may be present
  3. some factors affecting attachment means that every infant does not go through the stages outlined
24
Q

What is it called when attachments are most likely to form with those who respond to baby’s signals, not the person they spend most time with?

A

sensitive responsiveness

25
Q

What is the most important factor in forming attachments?

A

playing & communicating with infant

26
Q

Which individual does majority of caregiver research focus on?

A

the mother

27
Q

In the modern era, how is the primary caregiver role changing? What impact does this have?

A

more women are returning to work after having a child & fathers are increasingly seen as primary caregiver = positive impact on economy

28
Q

What is meant by multiple attachments?

A

relationships called secondary attachments, formed with other adults infants regularly spend time with

29
Q

In Schaffer & Emerson’s study, what percentage of children had formed a secondary attachment within a month of forming a primary attachment?

A

29%

30
Q

What did Ross (1975) find out about the role of the father?

A

no. of nappies a father was positively correlated to strength of their attachment?

31
Q

What did Caldera (2004) find out about the role of the father?

A

investigated 60 fathers & mothers w their 14months old infants - found that the father was more likely to form a strong attachment with child if they were involved in caregiving activities

32
Q

What did Geiger (1996) find out about the role of the father?

A

the roles mothers & fathers play differ - mothers are nuturing whereas fathers are more focused around play

33
Q

What are 2 strengths of the research into multiple attachments & role of father?

A
  1. generalisable - researched used to focus solely on attachment an infant forms with mother
  2. up to date - as family life as changed nature of attachment studies has changed too
34
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of the research into multiple attachments and the role of father?

A
  1. correlations do not prove cause & effect - does not show changing nappies cuases father to have stronger attachment with their child
  2. cultural bias - the samples are made of Western families, so parenting may be more similar unlike families in the East where role of father may be different
35
Q

What are indiscriminate attachments also called?

A

diffuse attachments

36
Q

What is the pre-attachment stage also known as?

A

asocial stage

37
Q

What is the discriminate attachment stage also know as?

A

specific attachment

38
Q

What is the critical period?

A

a period during someone’s development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired

39
Q

What is the sensitive period?

A

time or period in a person’s development when they are more responsive to certain stimuli & quicker to learn particular skills

40
Q

What is the method of Lorenz’s animal study?

A
  1. divided a clutch of goose eggs into 2 groups
  2. one group hatched by the mother - goslings followed her around
  3. second group hatched in an incubator & on hatching first thing they saw was Lorenz - set of goslings followed Lorenz
  4. He then marked each so he would know which group they were from & mixed them in a box
  5. both sets of goslings followed their original leader
41
Q

When the goslings followed their original leader, what did Lorenz call this? What is it?

A

imprinting - directs goslings to attach themselves to first moving thing they see

42
Q

What was the critical period for the imprinting of the goslings?

A

2 hours after hatching

A Level Psychology (8 decks)

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