Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infection > 4. Antimicrobials > Flashcards

4. Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 common target of antibiotics?

A

Cell wall synthesis
Protein synthesis
Cell membrane function
Nucleic acid function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What antibiotics target cell wall synthesis?

A

Glycopeptides

Beta-lactams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What antibiotics target cell membrane function?

A

Polymixins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What antibiotics target protein synthesis?

A

Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What antibiotics target nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Quinolones
Trimethoprim
Rifampicin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is MOA of penicillin?

A

Binds to penicillin binding protein, preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan in cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an example of a glycopeptide antibiotic?

A

Vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the MOA of vancomycin?

A

Attaches to side chains of amino acids and prevents them being cross-linked in the cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an example of a quinolone?

A

Fluoroquinolones - Cyprofloxacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the MOA is cyprofloxacin?

A

Inhibits topoiosomerase, causing supercoiling and strand breakage of DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 3 types of resistance?

A

Intrinsic
Aquired
Adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is intrinsic resistance?

A

There is no target or access for the drug, usually permanent.
E.g penicillin won’t work again pseudonomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is acquired resistance?

A

Bacterial resistance as a result of acquisition of new genetic material or mutation which aids resistance.
Usually permanent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is adaptive resistance?

A

Organism responding to stress such as sub-inhibitory level of antibiotics
Usually reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 3 mechanisms of resistance?

A
  1. Drug-inactivating enzymes
  2. Altered target
  3. Altered uptake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an example of drug inactivating enzymes leading to resistance?

A

B-lactamase enzymes produced by organisms which inactivate beta lactam antibiotics.

17
Q

How can altered target lead to antibiotic resistance?

A

If the target enzyme has lowered affinity for an antibacterial drug.

18
Q

What is an example of resistance as a result of an altered target?

A

MRSA - PBP2a

19
Q

How can altered uptake of an antimicrobial lead to antibiotic resistance?

A

Increased efflux via P-glycopeoteins decreases intracellular concentration to sub-inhibitory.

20
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of horizonal gene transfer of extrachromosomal plasmids in bacteria?

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

21
Q

How can you measure antibiotic sensitivity?

A

Disc sensitivity testing

22
Q

What is minimum inhibitory conc?

A

The lowest concentration of antibiotic that leads to no antibacterial growth.

23
Q

Which penicillin antibiotic is mainly active against streptococci?

A

Penicillin

24
Q

Which penicillin antibiotic is has activity against gram -ve as well as gram +ve bacteria?

A

Amoxicillin

25
Q

What bacteria is flucloxacillin active against?

A

Staphylococci and streptococci

26
Q

What antibiotic can be given to overcome beta-lactamase enzyme resistance?

A

B-lactamase inhibitor + Beta lactam antibioitic

- Co-amoxiclav

27
Q

Why are cephalosporins often used instead of penicillins?

A

Better at withstanding beta lactamase enzymes

28
Q

What is an example of a cephalosporin?

A

Cefriaxone -meningitis treatment as enters CSF

29
Q

What must be considered when prescribing vancomycin?

A

Narrow therapeutic window - therapeutic drug monitoring needed

30
Q

What is the MOA of trimethoprim?

A

Inhibits folic acid synthesis

31
Q

What is trimethoprim used to treat?

A

UTI

32
Q

What anti-viral drug is commonly used?

A

Acyclovir

33
Q

What is the MOA of acyclovir?

A

Inhibits viral DNA polymerase

34
Q

What is antimicrobial stewardship?

A

Interventions to improve and measure approprite use of antimicrobials

35
Q

What 4 things does antimicrobial stewardship promote?

A
  • Selection of optimal antimicrobial drug regimen
  • Appropriate dose
  • Duration of therapy
  • Route of administration
36
Q

What is the aim of antimicrobial stewardship?

A

Achieve optimal clinical outcomes
Minimise toxicity and adverse effects
Reduce costs of infections
Limit the selection for resistant strains

37
Q

What are 3 ways of stewardship intervention?

A
  1. Persuasive - education, reminders, feedback
  2. Restrictive - prior authorisation, automatic stop orders
  3. Structural - computerised records, rapid lab tests, quality monitoring

Infection (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions