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Reproduction > 4) Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

4) Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Cutaneous fibro-muscular sac for the testes and associated structures

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2
Q

Where is the scrotum located?

A

Posteroinferior to the penis

Inferior to the pubic symphysis

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3
Q

What does the mid-line scrotal raphe indicate?

A

The bilateral embryonic formation of the scrotum

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4
Q

What are the testes?

A

Male gonads
Paired, ovoid reproductive glands
Produce spermatozoa & male hormones

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5
Q

The tunica albuginea of the testes has a thick ridge posteriorly, what is this called & what is its function?

A

Mediastinum of the testis

Allows fibrous septums to extend inwards between lobules of seminiferous tubules

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6
Q

How do the testes arise?

A

Mesonephric ridge, upper lumbar regions, lower pole of kidneys
Tethered to labioscrotal folds (genital swellings, future scrotum) by the gubernaculum

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7
Q

Describe the descent of the testes

A

Move caudally
Musculo-fascial layer evaginates into scrotum as it develops + peritoneal membrane = Processus vaginalis
Testes cross the inguinal canal
Exit the anterolateral abdominal wall

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8
Q

What does the spermatic cord in males contain?

A 
Fascial layers
Processus vaginalis
Vas deferens
Lymphatics
Testicular vessels & nerves
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9
Q

Where does the spermatic cord run?

A

Deep inguinal ring
Lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
Within the inguinal canal
Through superficial inguinal ring to posterior border of testis

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10
Q

What is the scrotal ligament a vestigial remnant of?

A

The gubernaculum

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11
Q

What is the arterial supply to the testes?

A

Abdominal aorta > Testicular arteries

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12
Q

Describe the course of the testicular arteries

A

Testicular a. arise from the abdominal aorta just inferior to the Renal a.
Pass retroperitoneally, cross over ureters & inferior part of external iliac arteries to reach deep inguinal rings
Pass through inguinal canal, superficial inguinal ring
Enter spermatic cords

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13
Q

What is the venous drainage of the testes?

A

Asymmetrical
Testes > Pampiniform Venous Plexus > Right testicular vein > IVC
Testes > Pampiniform Venous Plexus > Left testicular vein > Left Renal vein

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14
Q

The testicular vein wraps around the testicular artery. What is the significance of this?

A

Blood from abdominal aorta is cooled as it passes through the testicular artery

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15
Q

What are the 3 parts of the epididymis and what is its function?

A

Head (caput)
Body (corpus)
Tail (caudal)

Sperm transport, maturation (become motile) & storage

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16
Q

What is the innervation to the testes & scrotum?

A

Lumbar plexus - anterior surface

Sacral plexus - posterior & inferior surfaces

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17
Q

Why is the lymphatic drainage of the testes & scrotum different?

A

Linked to the different locations in which they developed

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18
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the testes & scrotum?

A

Testes - Drain to paraaortic nodes

Scrotum - Drain to superficial inguinal nodes

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19
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

Straight muscular tube within spermatic cord
Transports sperms rapidly to prostatic urethra
(autonomic innervation to smooth muscle permits rapid contractions)

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20
Q

During ejaculation which ducts dilate to facilitate sperm & semen secretions to the prostatic urethra?

A

Ejaculatory duct

Seminal vesicle

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21
Q

Describe the course of the ductus deferens

A 
Ascends in spermatic cord
Transverses inguinal canal
Tracks around pelvic side wall
Passes between bladder & ureter
Forms a dilated ampulla & opening into ejaculatory duct
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22
Q

What neurovasculature is contained within the spermatic cord?

A

Testicular artery, cremasteric artery, artery to vas
Pampiniform plexus
Genital branch of Genitofemoral nerve

23
Q

What are the 3 covering of the spermatic cord and where do they come from?

A

Anterolateral abdominal wall:

  • External spermatic fascia (aponeurosis of external oblique)
  • Cremasteric muscle & fascia (internal oblique & transversalis)
  • Internal spermatic fascia (transversalis fascia)
24
Q

Where do the seminal vesicles lie?

A

Posterior to the prostate

Between bladder & rectum

25
Q

Describe the seminal vesicles

A

Small glands

Gland body - single highly convoluted tube, joins ampulla of ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct

26
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

Produce coagulated secretions

comprise 70-80% of volume of ejaculate

27
Q

What are the borders of the prostate gland?

A

Base - Neck of bladder
Apex - Urethral sphincter & deep perineal muscles
Anterior surface - muscular urethral sphincter
Posteriorly - Ampulla of rectum
Inferio-lateral - Levator Ani

28
Q

What important structure does the prostate gland surround?

A

Prostatic urethra

29
Q

What secretions does the prostate gland produce?

A

Secretions contain:
Prostaglandins, proteolytic enzymes & citric acid
Form ~30% of volume of ejaculate

30
Q

What is the location & function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

Located within urogenital diaphragm
Contain tubular & alveolar-type glands
Produce clear water secretion prior to ejaculation that may lubricate the urethra

31
Q

Describe the structure of the penis

A

Root, body & glans
Internal structure:
Pair of corpora cavernosa dorsally
Single corpus spongiosum ventrally

32
Q

What is the arterial supply to the penis?

A

Abdominal aorta > Common Iliac > Internal iliac > Anterior division of Internal Iliac > Internal Pudendal artery

33
Q

What venous drainage supplies the penis?

A

Venous plexus of the Penis > Deep dorsal vein of the penis > Prostatic venous Plexus > Internal Iliac vein > Inferior Vena Cava

34
Q

What are the 2 superficial muscles of the perineum?

A

Bulbospongiosus

Ischiocavernosus

35
Q

What is the function of the bulbospongiosus?

A

Helps to expel last drops of urine & maintain erections

36
Q

What is the function of the ischiocavernosus?

A

Compresses veins, helps maintain erections

37
Q

The male urethra is divided into how many parts?

What are their names?

A 
4
Pre-prostatic
Prostatic
Membranous
Spony (penile)
38
Q

Which is the least distensible part of the male urethra?

A

Membranous part
Passes through perineum & pelvic floor
Has greastest risk of trauma due to catheterisation

39
Q

What is a hydrocoele?

A

Serous fluid in tunica vaginalis of scrotum

40
Q

What is a haematocoele?

A

Blood in the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum

41
Q

What is a varicocoele?

A

Varicosities of the pampiniform plexus in the scrotum

42
Q

What is a spermatocoele?

A

Retention cyst within the epididymis

a.k.a. epididymal cyst

43
Q

What is epididymitis?

A

Inflammation of the epididymal cyst

44
Q

What is an indirect inguinal hernia?

A

Hernia indirectly into inguinal area, via inguinal canal, through deep inguinal ring
Lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
Reopening of processus vaginalis gives potential continuity between peritoneal cavity & tunica vaginalis

45
Q

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

A

Hernia directly into inguinal area

Medial to inferior epigastric vessels

46
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

Twisting of the spermatic cord
Risk of necrosis of testis
Usually occurs above upper pole of testis

47
Q

Why does cancer of the prostate often present later than benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

No urinary symptoms
Cancer cells more peripheral
Only occlude urethra at later stage

48
Q

Which location does benign prostatic hyperplasia usually occur?

A

Central zone of prostate

49
Q

What are the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Dysuria
Nocturia
Urgency

50
Q

Where do prostatic malignancies usually occur?

A

Peripheral zone of prostate

51
Q

Where do prostatic malignancies commonly metastasise?

A

Via lymphatics
Internal iliac & sacral nodes
& Venous drainage
Internal venous plexus to vertebrae & brain

52
Q

Which antigen is elevated in prostatic disorders?

A

Blood levels of Prostatic-Specific Antigen

produced by abnormal prostatic epithelial cells

53
Q

How can the prostate be examined?

A

Digital rectal examination (DRE)

Exploits anatomical relationship of prostate to rectum

Reproduction (13 decks)

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